Upstream reciprocity and the evolution of gratitude
Upstream reciprocity and the evolution of gratitude
复制标题
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2006.0125
复制
发表时间：
2007-03-07
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Roch, Sebastien
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nowak, Martin A.;Roch, Sebastien
如果有人对你很好，你感觉很好，可能会倾向于对别人好。实验游戏证实了这一日常经验：善意行为的接受者更有可能反过来帮助别人，即使从他们的慷慨中受益的人是别人。这种行为被称为“上游互惠”，似乎是一种错误的感恩行为：你帮助别人是因为别人帮助了你。从进化论或博弈论的角度来看，这有什么意义吗？在本文中，我们表明，上游互惠单独不会导致合作的演变，但它可以演变和提高合作的水平，如果它是直接或空间互惠。我们计算了利他行为的随机游走，诱导上游互惠。我们的分析表明，感恩和其他积极的情绪，增加了帮助他人的意愿，可以在竞争激烈的自然选择世界中进化。
If someone is nice to you, you feel good and may be inclined to be nice to somebody else. This every day experience is borne out by experimental games: the recipients of an act of kindness are more likely to help in turn, even if the person who benefits from their generosity is somebody else. This behaviour, which has been called 'upstream reciprocity', appears to be a misdirected act of gratitude: you help somebody because somebody else has helped you. Does this make any sense from an evolutionary or a game theoretic perspective? In this paper, we show that upstream reciprocity alone does not lead to the evolution of cooperation, but it can evolve and increase the level of cooperation if it is linked to either direct or spatial reciprocity. We calculate the random walks of altruistic acts that are induced by upstream reciprocity. Our analysis shows that gratitude and other positive emotions, which increase the willingness to help others, can evolve in the competitive world of natural selection.