Discussion Note: Social and Cultural Dimensions of Air Travel Demand: Hyper-Mobility in the UK?
Discussion Note: Social and Cultural Dimensions of Air Travel Demand: Hyper-Mobility in the UK?
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讨论笔记：航空旅行需求的社会和文化层面：英国的超机动性？
DOI：
10.1080/09669580608669053
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发表时间：
2006
影响因子：
9
通讯作者：
K. Hemminki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Försti;S. Leppälä;M. Takala;R. Laatikainen;K. Hemminki
关于航空旅行增长可持续性的许多政策辩论都集中在如何“权衡”宏观经济效益与相关环境破坏（Upham 等，2003）。在英国，未来 30 年扩大机场和跑道容量的战略框架的发布加剧了这一争论。英国交通大臣在介绍《航空运输的未来》（DfT，2003）时概述了全球气候变化、当地空气质量和机场周围噪音干扰等环境后果。他重申政府承诺确保“随着时间的推移，航空业能够满足其所施加的外部成本”（Darling，2003：1）。英国还将利用其担任欧盟轮值主席国（2005 年）的机会，敦促将航空运输纳入“排放交易计划”；进一步的增长将被技术进步或航空业从其他部门购买排放权所抵消。不过，国务卿强调，如果不能适应增长，将对旅游业、金融业和其他依赖世界市场的企业产生严重影响。因此，航空业将继续在英国作为后工业化岛国的未来繁荣中发挥重要作用。近年来，公共政策的言论也越来越重视“航空旅行的扩展给人们生活带来的好处”。 。 。 [其]负担能力的提高为许多人提供了旅行的可能性”（Darling，2003：1）。随着 20 世纪 60 年代汽车保有量的增加，航空旅行的这种“民主化”提高了人们难以抑制的期望。任何旨在内部化不利外部性的国家干预都会提高票价并减少低收入群体的出行机会，特别是假期和短暂休息、探亲访友、教育、文化、宗教和其他个人旅行。因此，航空运输的未来成本对社会和空间公平具有重要影响（Graham，2002；Grieco，2002）。本文强调了许多人对航空旅行的渴望已转变为消费者期望、常态，甚至是“权利”。约斯特565
Much of the policy debate concerning the sustainability of growth in air travel has focused on how the macro-economic benefits can be ‘traded off’ against the associated damage to the environment (Upham et al., 2003). In the UK, this debate has been heightened by the publication of a strategic framework for expansion of airport and runway capacity over the next 30 years. Introducing The Future of Air Transport (DfT, 2003), the UK’s Secretary of State for Transport outlined the environmental consequences with respect to global climate change, local air quality and noise disturbance around airports. He reaffirmed the government’s commitment to ensure that ‘over time, aviation meets the external costs that it imposes’ (Darling, 2003: 1). The UK will also use its EU Presidency (2005) to press for air transport to be included in an ‘emissions trading scheme’; further growth will be offset by technological improvements or by aviation buying emissions rights from other sectors. The Secretary of State stressed, nevertheless, that failure to accommodate growth would have serious ramifications for tourism, the finance sector, and other businesses that rely on world markets. Aviation will thus continue to play an important role in the future prosperity of the UK as a post-industrial island nation. In recent years, the rhetoric of public policy has also given increasing weight to the benefits that the ‘expansion of air travel has brought to people’s lives . . . [its] increased affordability has opened up the possibilities of travel for many people’ (Darling, 2003: 1). As with increasing car-ownership in the 1960s, such ‘democratisation’ of air travel raises expectations that are difficult to dampen down. Any state intervention to internalise the adverse externalities will raise fares and reduce availability to lower income groups, especially for holidays and short breaks, visiting friends and relatives, educational, cultural, religious and other personal travel. The future cost of air transport thus has important implications for social and spatial equity (Graham, 2002; Grieco, 2002). This paper highlights the transformation of many people’s desire for air travel into a consumer expectation, a norm, or even a ‘right’. JOST 565