A second hydrocarbon boom threatens the Peruvian Amazon: trends, projections, and policy implications
A second hydrocarbon boom threatens the Peruvian Amazon: trends, projections, and policy implications
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第二次碳氢化合物繁荣威胁着秘鲁亚马逊：趋势、预测和政策影响
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发表时间：
2010
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通讯作者：
Martí Orta
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作者：
Matt Finer;Martí Orta
秘鲁亚马逊是生物和文化多样性的家园，这个巨大的多样性地区的大片地区基本上保持完整。然而，最近的分析表明，石油和天然气勘探区的迅速扩张现在威胁着该地区的生物多样性、土著居民和荒野地区。为了更好地阐明这一动态情况，我们分析了秘鲁政府的官方碳氢化合物信息，并对秘鲁亚马逊地区的石油和天然气活动的过去、现在和未来进行了定量分析。我们记录了该地区广泛的油气历史——超过10.4万公里的地震线和679口勘探和生产井——突出显示了20世纪70年代初的一次主要勘探热潮。我们表明，秘鲁亚马逊地区的石油和天然气开采权最近覆盖了前所未有的48.6%，而2003年这一比例仅为7.1%。这些石油和天然气特许权覆盖了秘鲁亚马逊保护区系统的17.1%，占所有土著土地的一半以上。此外，我们发现，在过去两年中，多达72%的秘鲁亚马逊地区被划为油气活动区域（特许权加上技术评估协议和拟议特许权），在过去40年的某个时间点，这一比例超过了84%。我们预计，最近油气带的快速扩散将导致第二次勘探热潮，其特点是在偏远、完整和敏感的森林地区进行超过2万公里的新地震测试和180多口新勘探井的建设。随着秘鲁亚马逊石油边界的迅速扩张，我们得出结论，迫切需要进行严格的政策辩论，以避免与20世纪70年代第一次勘探热潮相关的重大环境影响，并尽量减少最近导致土著抗议者和政府部队之间致命冲突的社会冲突。
The Peruvian Amazon is home to extraordinary biological and cultural diversity, and vast swaths of this mega-diverse region remain largely intact. Recent analysis indicates, however, that the rapid proliferation of oil and gas exploration zones now threatens the region’s biodiversity, indigenous peoples, and wilderness areas. To better elucidate this dynamic situation, we analyzed official Peruvian government hydrocarbon information and generated a quantitative analysis of the past, present, and future of oil and gas activities in the Peruvian Amazon. We document an extensive hydrocarbon history for the region—over 104 000 km of seismic lines and 679 exploratory and production wells—highlighted by a major exploration boom in the early 1970s. We show that an unprecedented 48.6% of the Peruvian Amazon has been recently covered by oil and gas concessions, up from just 7.1% in 2003. These oil and gas concessions overlap 17.1% of the Peruvian Amazon protected area system and over half of all titled indigenous lands. Moreover, we found that up to 72% of the Peruvian Amazon has been zoned for hydrocarbon activities (concessions plus technical evaluation agreements and proposed concessions) in the past two years, and over 84% at some point during the past 40 years. We project that the recent rapid proliferation of hydrocarbon zones will lead to a second exploration boom, characterized by over 20 000 km of new seismic testing and construction of over 180 new exploratory wells in remote, intact, and sensitive forest areas. As the Peruvian Amazon oil frontier rapidly expands, we conclude that a rigorous policy debate is urgently needed in order to avoid the major environmental impacts associated with the first exploration boom of the 1970s and to minimize the social conflict that recently led to deadly encounters between indigenous protesters and government forces.