Jonathan Fitzgibbons. Cromwell's House of Lords: Politics, Parliaments and Constitutional Revolution, 1642-1660. Studies in Early Modern Cultural, Political and Social History. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2018. Pp. 274. £75 (cloth).
Jonathan Fitzgibbons. Cromwell's House of Lords: Politics, Parliaments and Constitutional Revolution, 1642-1660. Studies in Early Modern Cultural, Political and Social History. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2018. Pp. 274. £75 (cloth).
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乔纳森·菲茨吉本斯。
DOI：
10.1017/jbr.2019.22
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
1
通讯作者：
Bowen L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bowen L
乔纳森·菲茨吉本斯新专着中的“上议院”是1657年由《谦卑请愿与建议》建立的“另一个议院”。名字很重要，这本书的一个相当重要的部分考察了当代和史学界关于这个会议厅是复兴的上议院还是其他什么的争论。在这些细节的背后，是围绕着保护国及其治理结构的性质和目的的知识、政治和宪法斗争。一些同时代的人和大多数历史学家认为，这第二议院的建立本质上是一项保守的措施，指向保护国向1649年前的宪法形式（包括王权）的方向发展。与此相关的是，人们倾向于将上院的复兴放在一个时间轴上，这将不可避免地导致复辟和由世袭贵族和主教组成的上议院的回归。菲茨吉本斯试图挑战这些立场，他认为，另一个房子实际上是一个充满活力的宪法实验时期的产物，与奥利弗克伦威尔和他的儿子理查德统治下的政治斗争密切相关。第一章将保护别院与17世纪40年代的政治思想联系起来，而不是与复辟时期的政治思想联系起来。议员们在一定程度上为确保下议院在宪法中发挥更大的作用而斗争，并多次建议上议院的成员资格应由下议院批准。权宜之计推动了宪法创新，随着1649年的革命，看到残馀党宣布自己是国家的最高权力，上议院被废除。这给奥利弗·克伦威尔留下了一份艰难的遗产。他与议会的问题源于许多当选议员对他的政策持敌对态度。他最初的补救办法是不受欢迎的权宜之计，即不让他们参加会议。这演变成通过一个新的第二议院对下议院进行立法检查，在詹姆斯·奈勒的愤怒之后，这似乎特别必要。
The “House of Lords” of Jonathan Fitzgibbons’s new monograph was the “Other House” established by the Humble Petition and Advice in 1657. Names mattered, and a not inconsiderable part of this book examines the contemporary and historiographical tussle over whether this chamber was a revived House of Lords or something else. Behind such details were intellectual, political, and constitutional struggles over the nature and purpose of the Protectorate and its governing structures. Some contemporaries and most historians have seen the establishment of this second chamber as an essentially conservative measure pointing in the direction of travel for the Protectorate towards pre-1649 constitutional forms (including kingship). Associated with this is the tendency to place the revival of an upper house on a timeline leading inevitably to the Restoration and the return of a House of Lords populated by hereditary peers and bishops. Fitzgibbons looks to challenge these positions by arguing that the Other House was, in fact, the product of a period of vibrant constitutional experimentation intimately connected to political struggles under the rule of Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard. The opening chapter connects the Protectoral Other House with the political thought of the 1640s rather than that of the Restoration. The parliamentarians had fought in part to secure a larger constitutional role for the Commons, and on several occasions it was suggested that Lords membership be approved by the Lower House. Expediency drove constitutional innovation that, with the revolution of 1649, saw the Rump declare itself the supreme power in the state and the House of Lords abolished. This produced a difficult legacy for Oliver Cromwell. His problems with parliaments derived from the fact that many of those elected were hostile to his policies. His initial remedy was the unpopular expedient of excluding them from sitting. This evolved into providing a legislative check on the Commons through a new second chamber, something that seemed particularly necessary in the aftermath of the furor over James Nayler.