Violations of Core Knowledge Shape Early Learning.
Violations of Core Knowledge Shape Early Learning.
复制标题
违反核心知识塑造早期学习。
DOI：
10.1111/tops.12389
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Feigenson,Lisa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stahl,AimeeE;Feigenson,Lisa
对认知发展的研究表明，即使是最年轻的头脑也能发现并回应成年人感到惊讶的事件。这些惊讶的反应表明，婴儿对世界有一套基本的“核心”期望，这是与成年人和其他物种共享的。然而，很少有工作问这些惊喜的反应服务的目的。在这里，我们讨论最近的证据表明，违反核心知识提供特殊的学习机会。婴儿和幼儿根据他们对物体、数量和社会实体的核心知识对世界做出预测。我们认为，当这些预测与观察到的数据不匹配时，婴儿和儿童会经历一种增强的寻求和保留新信息的驱动力。惊讶对学习的影响是不对等的。相反，它是针对与惊喜本身相关的实体;这种驱动力促使儿童甚至婴儿形成和测试关于世界令人惊讶的方面的新假设。我们简要地考虑了婴儿和儿童的这些最新发现与人类和非人类动物的预测错误之间的相似性和差异。这些比较提出了需要继续调查的开放性问题，但表明考虑跨物种，年龄，惊喜种类和学习类型的现象最终将有助于澄清惊喜如何塑造思维。
Research on cognitive development has revealed that even the youngest minds detect and respond to events that adults find surprising. These surprise responses suggest that infants have a basic set of “core” expectations about the world that are shared with adults and other species. However, little work has asked what purpose these surprise responses serve. Here we discuss recent evidence that violations of core knowledge offer special opportunities for learning. Infants and young children make predictions about the world on the basis of their core knowledge of objects, quantities, and social entities. We argue that when these predictions fail to match the observed data, infants and children experience an enhanced drive to seek and retain new information. This impact of surprise on learning is not equipotent. Instead, it is directed to entities that are relevant to the surprise itself; this drive propels children—even infants—to form and test new hypotheses about surprising aspects of the world. We briefly consider similarities and differences between these recent findings with infants and children, on the one hand, and findings on prediction errors in humans and non‐human animals, on the other. These comparisons raise open questions that require continued inquiry, but suggest that considering phenomena across species, ages, kinds of surprise, and types of learning will ultimately help to clarify how surprise shapes thought.