Household income and child schooling in Vietnam
Household income and child schooling in Vietnam
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DOI：
10.1093/wber/13.2.211
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发表时间：
1999-05-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Knowles, JC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Behrman, JR;Knowles, JC
家庭收入和子女教育之间的联系越强，代际社会流动性就越低，机会就越不平等。这项研究估计了越南家庭收入与儿童学校成功之间的关联。估计数表明，这些协会的数量相当大。例如，完成学业的学生的收入弹性是早期研究估计中值的五倍。此外，这种关联是最强的成绩完成每年的学校，而不是完成的成绩，在大多数以前的文献已经集中。有一些性别差异，最重要的是男孩的收入和每年完成学业的成绩之间的联系比女孩小。这种差异意味着，女孩的教育被视为更多的奢侈品（少的必要性）比男孩的教育本文还探讨了一些方式，政策涉及到家庭收入。学费是累进的，但学费只占家庭直接支付给学校的费用的三分之一，在家庭与学校有关的总支出中所占的比例要小得多。此外，由于入学率与家庭收入呈正相关，因此，整个人口的学费结构不如有子女入学的特定子集的学费结构累进。此外，高收入家庭更容易获得与儿童学业成绩正相关性最强的两项学校质量指标，这意味着高收入家庭的学校支出更多，部分原因是他们获得了更高质量的教育，而不是因为相同质量教育的收费在收入阶层之间是累进的。
The stronger are the associations between household income and child schooling, the lower is intergenerational social mobility and the less equal is opportunity. This study estimates the associations between household income and children's school success in Vietnam. The estimates indicate that these associations are considerable. For example, the income elasticity of completed grades is five times the median estimate of earlier studies. Moreover, this association is strongest for grades completed per year of school, not for completed grades, on which most of the previous literature has focused. There ale some gender differences, the most important being a smaller association between income and grades completed per year of school for boys than for girls. This difference implies that schooling of girls is treated as more of a luxury (less of a necessity) than is schooling of boys.This article also investigates some ways in which policies relate to household incomes. School fees are progressive, but school fees are only about one-third of what households pay directly to schools and are a much smaller proportion of a household's total school-related expenditures, Total household expenditures paid directly to schools increase with household income less proportionately than do school fees alone, so the overall structure of such payments is less progressive than is the structure of school fees. Because school enrollment is positively related to household income, moreover, the structure of school fees is less progressive for the entire population than for the selected subset that has children enrolled in school. Further, the two school quality measures that have the strongest positive association with children's school success are much more available to higher-income households, meaning that higher-income households have greater school expenditures in part because they are obtaining higher-quality schooling and not because charges for the same quality schooling are progressive across income classes.