SNOWPACK model simulations for snow in Hokkaido, Japan
SNOWPACK model simulations for snow in Hokkaido, Japan
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日本北海道降雪的 SnowPACK 模型模拟
DOI：
10.3189/172756404781815121
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
M. Lehning
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Hirashima;K. Nishimura;E. Baba;A. Hachikubo;M. Lehning
摘要利用积雪模型SNOWPACK进行了数值模拟，以确认该模型对日本北海道条件的适用性。北海道的气温相当低，除了偶尔的降雨或冰点以上的温度外，3个月内雪面通常是干燥的。使用气象数据对札幌、Kitami和Niseko进行了模拟，并将结果与观测到的积雪剖面进行了比较。在札幌，连续两个冬天每天进行雪廓线观测。在日本最受欢迎的滑雪胜地之一的二世古，1998年1月28日发生了雪崩事故，第二天早上在断裂线上挖了一个雪坑。模拟的雪廓线与观测的雪廓线吻合得相当好。然而，在地表附近，我们观察到深度白霜，这可能是连续降雪后雪崩释放的一个重要因素，模型没有明显重现。在Fukuzawa和Akitaya（1993）的实验基础上，将该模型的变质规律扩展为大温度梯度下的深度-白霜形成表达式，该模型充分地再现了深度白霜。
Abstract Numerical simulations using SNOWPACK, a snow-cover model, were carried out to confirm the model’s applicability to conditions in Hokkaido, Japan, where temperatures are fairly low and for 3 months the snow surface is usually dry except during occasional periods of rain or above-freezing temperatures. The simulations were conducted for Sapporo, Kitami and Niseko using meteorological data, and the results were compared with the observed snow profiles. In Sapporo, snow-profile observations were carried out every day for two winters. In Niseko, one of the most popular ski resorts in Japan, an avalanche accident occurred on 28 January 1998 and a snow pit was dug through the fracture line the next morning. The simulated snow profiles agreed fairly well with the observed ones. However, near the surface we observed depth hoar, which can be an important factor in avalanche release after successive snowfalls, that the model did not reproduce distinctly. Extending the model’s metamorphism laws with an expression of depth-hoar formation under a large temperature gradient, as formulated from an experiment by Fukuzawa and Akitaya (1993), the model reproduced the depth hoar adequately.