Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments
Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments
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DOI：
10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121
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发表时间：
1999-12-01
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Dunning, D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kruger, J;Dunning, D
人们往往对自己在许多社会和智力领域的能力持有过分的好感。作者认为，出现这种高估的部分原因是，在这些领域不熟练的人承受着双重负担：这些人不仅得出了错误的结论，做出了不幸的选择，而且他们的无能剥夺了他们意识到这一点的元认知能力。在四项研究中，作者发现，在幽默、语法和逻辑测试中得分最低的四分之一的参与者严重高估了他们的测试表现和能力。虽然他们的考试成绩排在第12百分位，但他们估计自己排在第62百分位。一些分析将这种校准错误与元认知技能的缺陷或区分准确与错误的能力联系起来。矛盾的是，提高参与者的技能，从而提高他们的元认知能力，帮助他们认识到自己能力的局限性。
People tend to hold overly favorable views of their abilities in many social and intellectual domains. The authors suggest that this overestimation occurs, in part, because people who are unskilled in these domains suffer a dual burden: Not only do these people reach erroneous conclusions and make unfortunate choices, but their incompetence robs them of the metacognitive ability to realize it. Across 4 studies, the authors found that participants scoring in the bottom quartile on tests of humor, grammar, and logic grossly overestimated their test performance and ability. Although their test scores put them in the 12th percentile, they estimated themselves to be in the 62nd. Several analyses linked this miscalibration to deficits in metacognitive skill, or the capacity to distinguish accuracy from error. Paradoxically, improving the skills of participants, and thus increasing their metacognitive competence, helped them recognize the limitations of their abilities.