Vantage Sensitivity: Individual Differences in Response to Positive Experiences
Vantage Sensitivity: Individual Differences in Response to Positive Experiences
复制标题
DOI：
10.1037/a0030196
复制
发表时间：
2013-07-01
影响因子：
22.4
通讯作者：
Belsky, Jay
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pluess, Michael;Belsky, Jay
大多数心理学领域都广泛接受这样一种观念，即由于固有的风险特征，有些人更容易遭受逆境。这反映在素质压力框架的流行上，多年来该框架得到了大量的实证支持。对与响应积极影响的变异性相关的内源性因素的研究要少得多。未能调查个体对积极经历的反应作为内生因素的差异的原因之一可能是缺乏足够的理论框架。根据差异易感性假说，个体的发育可塑性通常会有所不同，无论他们是否受到负面或正面的影响——这是一个源自进化推理的概念。基于这个现在得到充分支持的命题，我们在这里提出了有利敏感性的新概念，反映了对完全积极的经历的反应作为个体内生特征的函数的变化。在将优势敏感性与差异易感性和复原力的理论相关概念区分开来之后，我们回顾了一些最近关于优势敏感性的经验证据，这些证据以行为、生理和遗传因素为特征，作为从家庭环境、心理治疗到教育干预等广泛积极体验的调节因素。此后，我们讨论了导致优势敏感性个体差异的遗传和环境因素、优势敏感性的潜在机制以及实际意义。
The notion that some people are more vulnerable to adversity as a function of inherent risk characteristics is widely embraced in most fields of psychology. This is reflected in the popularity of the diathesis-stress framework, which has received a vast amount of empirical support over the years. Much less effort has been directed toward the investigation of endogenous factors associated with variability in response to positive influences. One reason for the failure to investigate individual differences in response to positive experiences as a function of endogenous factors may be the absence of adequate theoretical frameworks. According to the differential-susceptibility hypothesis, individuals generally vary in their developmental plasticity regardless of whether they are exposed to negative or positive influences-a notion derived from evolutionary reasoning. On the basis of this now well-supported proposition, we advance herein the new concept of vantage sensitivity, reflecting variation in response to exclusively positive experiences as a function of individual endogenous characteristics. After distinguishing vantage sensitivity from theoretically related concepts of differential-susceptibility and resilience, we review some recent empirical evidence for vantage sensitivity featuring behavioral, physiological, and genetic factors as moderators of a wide range of positive experiences ranging from family environment and psychotherapy to educational intervention. Thereafter, we discuss genetic and environmental factors contributing to individual differences in vantage sensitivity, potential mechanisms underlying vantage sensitivity, and practical implications.