Synoptic-Scale Environments and Precipitation Morphologies of Tornado Outbreaks from Quasi-Linear Convective Systems in the United Kingdom

Synoptic-Scale Environments and Precipitation Morphologies of Tornado Outbreaks from Quasi-Linear Convective Systems in the United Kingdom
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英国准线性对流系统龙卷风爆发的天气尺度环境和降水形态

DOI:
10.1175/waf-d-20-0021.1
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发表时间:
2020
影响因子:
2.9
通讯作者:
Buckingham T
Buckingham T
中科院分区:
地球科学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Buckingham T

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在2004年至2019年的16年间,英国发生了9次由准线性对流系统(qlcs)引起的龙卷风爆发(有三个或更多龙卷风的天数)。在这9次暴发中,有8次可分为两类:1型和2型。天气分类是根据母温带气旋的位置和与强热带气旋有关的地面锋的方向而得出的。使用ERA5再分析数据评估不同类别之间的环境差异。1型事件的特征为:西部有一个500 hpa的汇合槽,经向冷锋,强横锋风转向(约90°),横锋温度下降2°~ 4°C,额前2 m露点温度为12°~ 14°C,额前低空急流,额前0-1 km和0- 3 km的大切变分别为15和25 m s−1。而第2型事件的特征是西北方向有一个500 hpa的分流槽,纬向锋,锋侧风转向较弱(≤45°),锋侧温度下降幅度较小,锋前2 m露点温度较低,为6°~ 10°C,锋前0-1 km和0- 3 km块切变较弱,分别为10和15 m s−1。对英国气象局雷达反射率拼接图的分析显示,在所有1型事件中都出现了狭窄的冷锋雨带,随后显示出降水核心和间隙结构。相反,2型事件没有形成狭窄的冷锋雨带,尽管在宽阔的冷锋雨带内零星地形成了降水核。1型事件在核隙形成后2 ~ 4 h产生龙卷风,而2型事件在核隙形成后1 h内产生龙卷风。所有这些事件都在相对较短的时间内(1-3小时)产生了龙卷风。
Nine tornado outbreaks (days with three or more tornadoes) have occurred in the United Kingdom from quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs) in the 16 years between 2004 and 2019. Of the nine outbreaks, eight can be classified into two synoptic categories: type 1 and type 2. Synoptic categories are derived from the location of the parent extratropical cyclone and the orientation of the surface front associated with the QLCS. Environmental differences between the categories are assessed using ERA5 reanalysis data. Type 1 events are characterized by a confluent 500-hPa trough from the west, meridional cold front, strong cross-frontal wind veer (about 90°), cross-frontal temperature decrease of 2°–4°C, prefrontal 2-m dewpoint temperatures of 12°–14°C, a prefrontal low-level jet, and prefrontal 0–1- and 0–3-km bulk shears of 15 and 25 m s−1, respectively. In contrast, type 2 events are characterized by a diffluent 500-hPa trough from the northwest, zonal front, weaker cross-frontal wind veer (≤45°), much smaller cross-frontal temperature decrease, lower prefrontal 2-m dewpoint temperatures of 6°–10°C, and weaker prefrontal 0–1- and 0–3-km bulk shears of 10 and 15 m s−1, respectively. Analysis of the Met Office radar reflectivity mosaics revealed that narrow cold-frontal rainbands developed in all type 1 events and subsequently displayed precipitation core-and-gap structures. Conversely, type 2 events did not develop narrow cold-frontal rainbands, although precipitation cores developed sporadically within the wide cold-frontal rainband. Type 1 events produced tornadoes 2–4 h after core-and-gap development, whereas type 2 events produced tornadoes within 1 h of forming cores and gaps. All events produced tornadoes during a relatively short time period (1–3 h).
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