Social Change, Differentiation and Evolution
Social Change, Differentiation and Evolution
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社会变迁、分化与进化
DOI：
10.2307/2091481
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发表时间：
1964
影响因子：
9.1
通讯作者：
S. Eisenstadt
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Eisenstadt
本文试图通过分析以社会分化程度来衡量的社会或制度体系“阶段”的概念，重新评估社会学的进化观点。只有当任何社会制度本质上所固有的至少一些变化带来更加差异化的文化和社会领域的制度化，并以这种方式扩展社会环境的范围及其适应性时，进化论的观点才有意义。对变革与制度化之间关系的认识受到一些系统性考虑的影响。首先，并非所有社会变迁过程都必然引起整个制度体系的变化。其次，系统性变革确实扩大了社会主要领域的分化范围，但并不一定能确保更加分化的体系制度化。第三，即使结构分化被制度化，每一个新的制度体系都表现出不同的进一步变革、停滞、崩溃或发展的潜力。
This paper attempts to re-evaluate the evolutionary perspective in sociology by analyzing the concept of "stages" of societies or institutional systems as measured by the extent of social differentiation. An evolutionary perspective makes sense only so far as at least some of the changes that are inherent in the very nature of any social system bring about institutionalization of more differentiated cultural and social spheres, and in this way extend the range of a society's environment and its adaptability to it. Recognition of this relation between change and institutionalization is tempered by several systematic considerations. First, not all processes of social change necessarily give rise to changes in overall institutional systems. Second, systemic changes that do increase the scope of differentiation within the major spheres of a society do not necessarily assure the institutionalization of a more differentiated system. Third, even when structural differentiation is institutionalized, each new institutional system evinces different potentialities for further change, for stagnation, breakdown or development.