Odor‐based recognition of nectar in cursorial spiders
Odor‐based recognition of nectar in cursorial spiders
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00669.x
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发表时间：
2008-04
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
J. Patt;R. Pfannenstiel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Patt;R. Pfannenstiel
众所周知，肉食性节肢动物依靠非猎物食物，如蜜露、花粉和花蜜。蜘蛛对以植物为基础的营养的消耗似乎也很普遍，特别是在草类物种中。这并不令人惊讶，因为研究表明，当这些蜘蛛的饮食中含有植物性营养时，尤其是在猎物稀少的情况下，它们的活动水平、生存和繁殖都会增加。然而，它们识别和定位非猎物食物的感官和行为手段尚不清楚。在这里，我们展示了一种食蜜性蜘蛛[Hibana futilis Banks(蜘蛛目：Anyphaenidae)]的未成熟蜘蛛能够识别和记忆与花蜜有关的特定化学刺激。在摄入了微量的糖之后，这些蜘蛛表现出反转和其他局部搜索行为，这增加了它们找到更多花蜜的机会。当放在测试场地上时，对于花蜜气味天真的蜘蛛找到由稀释的蜂蜜组成的人工蜜腺的速度明显快于由1M蔗糖溶液组成的无味蜜腺。这些结果表明，羊肚菌具有识别嗅觉刺激的神经生理和行为适应能力。有趣的是，只有摄取糖分并进行局部搜索的蜘蛛才会对花蜜的气味做出反应，这表明刺激局部搜索对于激发嗅觉反应是必要的。我们发现，羊肚菌可以将花蜜的存在与一种新的香气联系起来，在这种情况下，香草，并在几个小时的过程中记住这种香气。在有香草味蜜腺的场所里，以前有过吸食香草味蔗糖液滴的蜘蛛找到蜜腺的速度明显快于香草兰幼稚的蜘蛛。对特定气味的记忆能力可以增强蜘蛛寻找花蜜的能力，无论是在同一植物的不同部分之间移动，还是在不同的植物物种之间移动。这里的结果表明，食蜜性蜘蛛具有有效检测、识别和定位蜜源所必需的感官能力和程序化行为。
Carnivorous arthropods are known to rely on non‐prey foods, such as honeydew, pollen, and nectar. Consumption of plant‐based nutrients by spiders also appears to be widespread, especially in cursorial species. This is not surprising, as studies have shown that these spiders’ activity levels, survivorship, and reproduction are increased when their diet includes plant‐based nutrients, especially under conditions of prey scarcity. However, the sensory and behavioral means by which they recognize and locate non‐prey food is unknown. Here we show that immatures of a nectarivorous spider [Hibana futilis Banks (Araneae: Anyphaenidae)] can recognize and remember particular chemical stimuli associated with nectar. Following ingestion of minute amounts of sugar, these spiders exhibited counterturning and other local searching behaviors that increased their chances of finding more nectar. When placed on test arenas, spiders that were naïve with respect to nectar aroma located artificial nectaries composed of diluted honey significantly faster than unscented nectaries composed of 1 m sucrose solution. These results indicate that H. futilis is neurophysiologically and behaviorally adapted for recognizing olfactory stimuli. Interestingly, only spiders that ingested sugar and were engaged in local search responded to nectar aroma, suggesting that stimulation into local search is necessary to prime olfactory responses. We found that H. futilis could be conditioned to associate the presence of nectar with a novel aroma, in this case vanilla, and remember this aroma over the course of several hours. In arenas with vanilla‐scented nectaries, spiders that had previous experience feeding on vanilla‐scented sucrose droplets located the nectaries significantly faster than did vanilla‐naïve spiders. The capacity to remember specific aromas could enhance the spiders’ ability to find nectar, either when moving between different parts of the same plant or among different plant species. The results here indicate that nectarivorous spiders possess the sensory capabilities and programed behaviors necessary for efficient detection, recognition, and location of nectar sources.