Precise plant breeding using new genome editing techniques: opportunities, safety and regulation in the EU
Precise plant breeding using new genome editing techniques: opportunities, safety and regulation in the EU
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DOI：
10.1111/tpj.12413
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发表时间：
2014-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.2
通讯作者：
Schiemann, Joachim
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hartung, Frank;Schiemann, Joachim
在过去的十年里，几种新的植物育种技术(NPBT)已经发展起来，使得在植物中精确地进行基因组修改成为可能。除技术方面外，主要问题是对这些新技术的监管含糊不清。自2007年一个欧洲专家小组定义了8个非转基因技术以来，关于由此产生的植物及其产品是否受转基因法律保护的争论一直在持续。显然，转基因立法的覆盖将严重阻碍NPBT的使用，因为转基因植物必须通过欧盟昂贵且耗时的转基因审批程序。在这篇综述中，我们对欧盟专家组定义的一些非转基因作物与经典育种技术和传统转基因植物进行了比较。在经济合作与发展组织发起的国际讨论过程中，非核不扩散条约清单可能会缩短(或延长)。从科学的角度来看，人们可能会争辩说，由非常规转基因技术培育的植物往往与传统培育的植物没有区别，而且预计不会对健康和环境产生更高的风险。鉴于关于非专利技术未来监管的辩论，以及关于已在世界各地商业化和风险评估的转基因植物生物安全性的累积证据，可以建议，应根据新的性状和由此产生的最终产品，而不是用于创造新植物品种的技术，对经作物遗传改良技术，包括遗传改良、非专利技术或其他未来技术所改良的植物进行评估。
Several new plant breeding techniques (NPBTs) have been developed during the last decade, and make it possible to precisely perform genome modifications in plants. The major problem, other than technical aspects, is the vagueness of regulation concerning these new techniques. Since the definition of eight NPBTs by a European expert group in 2007, there has been an ongoing debate on whether the resulting plants and their products are covered by GMO legislation. Obviously, cover by GMO legislation would severely hamper the use of NPBT, because genetically modified plants must pass a costly and time-consuming GMO approval procedure in the EU. In this review, we compare some of the NPBTs defined by the EU expert group with classical breeding techniques and conventional transgenic plants. The list of NPBTs may be shortened (or extended) during the international discussion process initiated by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. From the scientific point of view, it may be argued that plants developed by NPBTs are often indistinguishable from classically bred plants and are not expected to possess higher risks for health and the environment. In light of the debate on the future regulation of NPBTs and the accumulated evidence on the biosafety of genetically modified plants that have been commercialized and risk-assessed worldwide, it may be suggested that plants modified by crop genetic improvement technologies, including genetic modification, NPBTs or other future techniques, should be evaluated according to the new trait and the resulting end product rather than the technique used to create the new plant variety.