The Background and Possible Historical Significance of a Letter and Manuscript of 1798 Concerning Timbuktu
The Background and Possible Historical Significance of a Letter and Manuscript of 1798 Concerning Timbuktu
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1798 年一封关于廷巴克图的信件和手稿的背景和可能的历史意义
DOI：
10.2307/3171521
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发表时间：
1981
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Stieber
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Stieber
“廷布克图”这个词通常会让人联想到地球上某个遥远角落的异国神秘之地。早在16世纪，它就在欧洲人心中唤起了类似的想法。此时，廷布克图已是非洲内陆地区的主要贸易中心之一。沿着非洲西海岸的殖民地不仅使欧洲国家因奴隶而富裕起来，而且还使他们获得了通往内陆王国的贸易路线，从那里他们获得了金粉和其他商品。廷布克图也是穆斯林学者的中心，包括著名的艾哈迈德·巴巴，后来提到了他。除了廷布克图，加奥和詹尼是尼日尔河及其支流巴尼河在十六世纪的主要城市。从1493年到1591年，桑海的统治者将他们的王国扩展到撒哈拉南部边缘的尼日尔河的最北方，与许多邻国开辟了贸易路线，包括与摩洛哥的一些往来。在亨特研究所的档案中，有一份阿拉伯手稿的法文摘录，其中叙述了1591年廷布克图落入摩洛哥军队之手的经过。目前还不清楚这份阿拉伯文手稿是否现存。根据这份手稿，帕夏朱达将伊沙克从通迪比赶到卡罗（这可能是加奥的失误），伊沙克在卡罗围困了一小段时间，然后返回廷布克图等待苏丹的命令。皇帝派马哈茂德·扎昆带着额外的军队，后者解除了朱达的指挥权，袭击了卡罗，并将伊沙克追赶到了孔基亚，后者死在那里。
The word ‘Timbuktu’ usually evokes an image of a place of exotic mystery in some far-removed corner of the earth. It evoked similar ideas in the European mind as early as the sixteenth century. By this time Timbuktu was one of the major trade centers of the unknown interior of Africa. Colonies along the western coast of Africa were not only enriching European nations with slaves, but also giving them access to trade routes to the kingdoms of the interior from which they obtained gold dust and other commodities. Timbuktu was also a Muslim center for scholars including the famous Ahmad Baba, to whom reference is made later. Besides Timbuktu, Gao and Jenne were major cities of the River Niger and its tributary the River Bani during the sixteenth century. From 1493 to 1591 the Songhay rulers extended their kingdom to include the most northern extent of the River Niger at the southern edge of the Sahara, opening trade routes with many of their neighbors, including some intercourse with Morocco. In the Archives of the Hunt Institute is a French extract from an Arabic manuscript which recounts the fall of Timbuktu to Moroccan forces in 1591. It is not known whether the Arabic manuscript is extant today. According to this manuscript, the Pasha Judar drove Ishaq from Tondibi to Caro (which is probably a lapsus calami for Gao), to which he laid siege for a short time and then returned to Timbuktu to await orders from the Sultan. The emperor sent Mahmud Zarkun with additional troops, and the latter relieved Judar of his command, attacked Caro, and chased Ishaq to Conkia [=Kukya?], where the latter died.