Hurdling over sex? Sport, science, and equity.
Hurdling over sex? Sport, science, and equity.
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DOI：
10.1007/s10508-014-0332-0
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Vilain,Eric
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ha,NathanQ;Dworkin,ShariL;Martínez-Patiño,MaríaJosé;Rogol,AlanD;Rosario,Vernon;Sánchez,FranciscoJ;Wrynn,Alison;Vilain,Eric
在1968年至1999年期间，国际奥委会要求所有女运动员接受基因检测，作为其性别验证政策的一部分，假设它需要防止男性冒充女性参加仅限女性的比赛。在批评人士说服官员，基因检测在科学和道德上都存在缺陷之后，国际奥委会于1999年用一种制度取代了这项政策，该制度只允许在“合理怀疑”的情况下对运动员的性别进行医学评估，但这一制度也给运动员带来了不公正，并引发了国际争议。2011年，国际奥委会通过了一项关于女性高雄激素血症的新政策，为有资格参加女子体育赛事的运动员规定了激素上限。然而，这项新政策仍然没有解决重要的医学和伦理问题。我们回顾了性别验证政策的历史，并提出了具体的建议，以提高正义的运动员在目前的高雄激素血症政策的范围内，包括建议澄清政策的目的，以确保隐私和保密性，获得知情同意，促进心理健康，并部署公平的管理和资格标准的男性和女性运动员。
Between 1968 and 1999, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) required all female athletes to undergo genetic testing as part of its sex verification policy, under the assumption that it needed to prevent men from impersonating women and competing in female-only events. After critics convinced officials that genetic testing was scientifically and ethically flawed for this purpose, the IOC replaced the policy in 1999 with a system allowing for medical evaluations of an athlete’s sex only in cases of “reasonable suspicion,” but this system also created injustice for athletes and stoked international controversies. In 2011, the IOC adopted a new policy on female hyperandrogenism, which established an upper hormonal limit for athletes eligible to compete in women’s sporting events. This new policy, however, still leaves important medical and ethical issues unaddressed. We review the history of sex verification policies and make specific recommendations on ways to improve justice for athletes within the bounds of the current hyperandrogenism policy, including suggestions to clarify the purpose of the policy, to ensure privacy and confidentiality, to gain informed consent, to promote psychological health, and to deploy equitable administration and eligibility standards for male and female athletes.