Microstructure and Properties
Microstructure and Properties
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4899-6826-5_10
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发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Anderson;K. Leaver;R. Rawlings;J. M. Alexander
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Anderson;K. Leaver;R. Rawlings;J. M. Alexander
大多数具有工业意义的材料由不止一个原子或分子物种组成，也就是说，它们不是单一组分体系。例如，钢的基本成分是铁和碳，尽管还有其他成分(元素)。组分可以以各种方式分布在整个材料中，即使在平衡条件下，材料也可以是单相或多相的，这取决于温度和成分。在实践中，由于物质可能长时间处于亚稳定状态而不改变到平衡状态，情况变得更加复杂。了解材料的微观结构(即存在的相的数量、它们的分布、体积分数、形状和大小)是至关重要的，因为许多性能是结构敏感的，例如塑料和磁性。这一章涉及到对相的形成的理解，如何将相的稳定性表示在称为平衡相图的图中，以及如何使用这些图来解释微观结构。最后，在这一章的最后，我们将看看一些商业材料的结构和性质。我们首先考虑当两个组件混合在一起时会发生什么。
Most materials of industrial significance consist of more than one atomic or molecular species, that is, they are not single component systems. For example, the basic components of steel are iron and carbon, although there are other components (elements) present. The components may be distributed throughout the material in a variety of ways and, even under equilibrium conditions, a material may be single- or multi-phase depending on the temperature and composition. In practice, the situation is further complicated by the fact that materials may exist in metastable conditions for long periods of time without changing to the equilibrium condition. A knowledge of the microstructure of a material, which is the number of phases present, their distribution, volume fraction, shape, and size, is essential since many properties are structure-sensitive, e.g., plastic and magnetic properties. This chapter is concerned with the understanding of the formation of phases, how the stability of phases may be represented in diagrams calledequilibrium phase diagrams, and how we can use these diagrams to interpret microstructures. Finally, at the end of the chapter we will look at the structure and properties of some commercial materials. We begin by considering what happens when two components are mixed together.