On the origin and differentiation of the otic vesicle in amphibian embryos
On the origin and differentiation of the otic vesicle in amphibian embryos
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两栖动物胚胎耳囊的起源和分化
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通讯作者：
G. C. Huber
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作者：
W. H. Lewis;L. Barker;C. R. Bardeen;G. C. Huber
从勒克朗（Le Cron）和刘易斯（Lewis）对透镜的起源和分化的研究来看，似乎很明显的是，这个器官不仅在最初起源于外胚层时依赖于视泡的接触影响，而且它的持续分化至少在一段时间内依赖于眼睛的持续影响。与透镜形成鲜明对比的是视泡的行为。这个器官从很早的时期就开始自我分化，甚至在早期的髓质板上可以识别出眼点之前。脊索、肌肉和中枢神经系统同样从很早的时候就开始自我分化，甚至在胚孔仍然敞开或更早的阶段。角膜像透镜一样，其起源和分化依赖于眼睛的影响。胚胎其他器官的起源和分化与哪些因素有关，几乎完全不为人知，因为胚胎学家主要关注的是身体各种器官和组织的起源和分化的描述性研究，而发育中的因果关系迄今为止还很少受到注意。实验是获得因果因素的准确概念的唯一手段，作为一种工作方法，它在技术上比普通的描述方法困难得多。在随后的一系列实验中，将胚胎在Zenker液中培养，石蜡包埋，切成10 μ m的连续切片。在厚度和染色的苏木精和刚果红。考虑到与耳泡的起源和分化有关的因素，我的实验是在神经褶融合后不久的胚胎上开始的。在这个阶段，
From the studies of Le Cron and Lewis on the origin and differentiation of the lens it would seem quite evident that this organ is dependent not only for its initial origin from the ectoderm on the contact influence of the optic vesicle but that its continued differentiation for a while at least is dependent on the continued influence of the eye. I n marked contrast to the lens is the behavior of the optic vesicle. This organ is self-differentiating from a very early period, even before the eye spot can be recognized on the early medullary plate. The notocord, muscle, and the central nervous system are likewise self-differentiating from a very early time, at a stage even when the blastopore is still wide open or earlier perhaps. The cornea like the lens is dependent for its origin and differentiation on the influence of the eye. What factors are concerned in the origin and differentiation of the various other organs of the embryo is almost entirely unknown, for embryologists have concerned themselves for the most part with descriptive studies of the origin and differentiation of the various organs and tissues of the body, and the causal relations in development have so far received but little attention. Experimentation is the only means of obtaining an accurate conception of the causal factors, and as a method of work offers much greater difficulties in a technical way than the ordinary descriptive methods. Tn the following series of experiments the embryos were killer1 in Zenker’s fluid, embedded in paraffin, cut into serial sections 10 micro nim. in thickness and stained in hzematoxylin and congo red. In considering the factors concerned with the origin and differentiation of the otic vesicle my experiments were begun on embryos of an age shortly after fusion of the neural folds. At this stage there is a