Principles of auditory information-processing derived from neuroethology.
Principles of auditory information-processing derived from neuroethology.
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发表时间：
1989-09
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通讯作者：
Nobuo Suga
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作者：
Nobuo Suga
对于听觉成像，蝙蝠发出定向声音（脉冲）并倾听回声。表征脉冲回波对的参数各自传达特定类型的生物声纳信息。例如，多普勒频移（发射脉冲与其回波之间的频率差）携带速度信息。对于61 kHz的声音，1.0 kHz的多普勒频移对应于2.8 ms-1的速度。来自脉冲的回波的延迟传达距离（范围）信息。1.0 ms回波延迟对应于17 cm的目标距离。来自中美洲的胡子蝙蝠Pteronotus parnelli的听觉系统通过在大脑皮层中创建地图来解决分析这些参数的计算问题。胡子蝙蝠的脉搏很复杂。它由四个谐波组成，每个谐波包含一个长的恒频（CF）分量和一个短的调频（FM）分量。因此，在发射脉冲中有八个分量（CF 1 -4和FM 1 -4）。CF信号特别适合于目标速度测量，而FM信号适合于目标距离测量。由于八个分量在频率上彼此不同，因此在内耳基底膜的不同区域对它们进行并行分析。然后，它们分别由初级听觉神经元编码，并通过几个听觉核团发送到听觉皮层。在信号通过这些听觉核团上升的过程中，对FM分量作出反应的神经元处理距离信息，而对CF分量作出反应的其他神经元处理速度信息。从胡子蝙蝠获得的数据与从其他物种获得的数据进行比较，既说明了蝙蝠听觉系统特有的特殊神经机制，也说明了许多不同类型动物可能共有的一般神经机制。
For auditory imaging, a bat emits orientation sounds (pulses) and listens to echoes. The parameters characterizing a pulse-echo pair each convey particular types of biosonar information. For example, a Doppler shift (a difference in frequency between an emitted pulse and its echo) carries velocity information. For a 61-kHz sound, a 1.0-kHz Doppler shift corresponds to 2.8 ms-1 velocity. The delay of the echo from the pulse conveys distance (range) information. A 1.0-ms echo delay corresponds to a target distance of 17 cm. The auditory system of the mustached bat, Pteronotus parnelli, from Central America solves the computational problems in analyzing these parameters by creating maps in the cerebral cortex. The pulse of the mustached bat is complex. It consists of four harmonics, each of which contains a long constant-frequency (CF) component and a short frequency-modulated (FM) component. Therefore, there are eight components in the emitted pulse (CF1-4 and FM1-4). The CF signal is particularly suited for target velocity measurement, whereas the FM signal is suited for target distance measurement. Since the eight components differ from each other in frequency, they are analyzed in parallel at different regions of the basilar membrane in the inner ear. Then, they are separately coded by primary auditory neurons and are sent up to the auditory cortex through several auditory nuclei. During the ascent of the signals through these auditory nuclei, neurons responding to the FM components process range information, while other neurons responding to the CF components process velocity information. A comparison of the data obtained from the mustached bat with those obtained from other species illustrates both the specialized neural mechanisms specific to the bat's auditory system, and the general neural mechanisms which are probably shared with many different types of animals.