How honeybees measure their distance from objects of unknown size
How honeybees measure their distance from objects of unknown size
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蜜蜂如何测量与未知大小物体的距离
DOI：
10.1007/bf00610992
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
G. Horridge
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Mandyam V. Srinivasan;M. Lehrer;Shao;G. Horridge
摘要1.为了研究蜜蜂在估计距离的任务中是否使用运动线索，它们被训练在人工草地上的几朵不同大小的“花”中的一朵上收集食物奖励。1，4a，6a）。在每个实验中，奖励花的高度在训练期间保持恒定。在训练过程中以及随后的辨别测试中，通过不断改变这些参数，蜜蜂无法学习花朵的大小和位置。因此，唯一可以用来识别奖励花的可靠线索是蜜蜂飞过草地时，它的图像在视网膜上移动的速度：高花的轮廓比低花的轮廓移动得更快，无论大小。2.蜜蜂在特定高度的花朵上获得奖励，将其与其他高度的花朵区分开来（图2a，B）。这与蜜蜂是否被训练到最高的花（图4b）、最低的花（图5b）或中间高度的花（图6b）无关。在每种情况下，它们都能根据在搜索飞行过程中花的图像在眼睛上移动的特定速度来选择正确的花。4c，5c）.4.引入纹理背景增强了高度辨别的准确性（图2d）5.在没有绿色对比的情况下，花高的辨别力被破坏（图2c），表明蜜蜂在这项任务中的表现是由来自绿色敏感受体的信号介导的，因此是色盲，6.我们的结论是，当背景没有特征时，蜜蜂可以通过视网膜上物体的明显运动来估计物体的距离，此外，当背景被纹理化时其相对于背景的运动。当遇到一个由未知大小的陌生物体组成的新环境时，蜜蜂显然可以利用这两种运动线索来获得视觉世界的三维感知。
Summary1.To investigate whether bees use motion cues in the task of estimating distance, they were trained to collect a food reward on one of several ‘flowers’ of different sizes on an artificial meadow (Figs. 1, 4a, 6a). In each experiment, the height of the rewarded flower was kept constant during training. The bees were prevented from learning the sizes and positions of the flowers by varying these parameters continually during training as well as during the subsequent discrimination tests. Thus, the only reliable cue that could be used to recognize the rewarded flower was the speed at which its image moved across the retina as the bees flew over the meadow: The contours of a high flower would move faster than those of a lower one, irrespective of size.2.Bees that are rewarded on a flower placed at a particular height discriminate it from flowers at other heights (Fig. 2a, b). This is independent of whether the bees have been trained to the highest flower (Fig. 4b), the lowest flower (Fig. 5b), or one at an intermediate height (Fig. 6b). In each case, they are able to select the correct flower according to the particular speed at which its image moves across the eye during the searching flight.3.Under our experimental conditions, bees can discriminate height differences of 2 cm (Figs. 4c, 5c).4.Introduction of a textured background enhances the accuracy of height discrimination (Fig. 2d).5.Discrimination of flower height breaks down in the absence of green contrast (Fig. 2c), showing that the bees' performance in this task is mediated by signals from the green-sensitive receptors and is consequently colour-blind, as are all of the motion-induced behaviours so far examined in the bee.6.We conclude that bees can estimate an object's distance by using its apparent motion across the retina when the background is featureless, and possibly, in addition, its motion relative to the background when the background is textured. When encountering a novel environment comprising unfamiliar objects of unknown size, the bees can evidently use these two types of motion cues to acquire a three-dimensional percept of the visual world.