Origin and assembly of the Tethyside orogenic collage at the expense of Gondwana Land
Origin and assembly of the Tethyside orogenic collage at the expense of Gondwana Land
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DOI：
10.1144/gsl.sp.1988.037.01.09
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发表时间：
1988
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
A. Şengör;D. Altıner;A. Cin;T. Ustaömer;K. Hsü
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Şengör;D. Altıner;A. Cin;T. Ustaömer;K. Hsü
特提斯洋是一个南临欧亚大陆的超造山杂岩，由古特提斯和新特提斯的产物--西米里德洋和阿尔卑斯洋组成。在此，我们回顾了它们的演化，主要是根据新的地图显示的分布缝合线，岩浆岩，某些古生物地理和古气候学上的重要类群和相，泛非（900 - 450马）造山系统的碎片形成的基底的许多特提斯赛德块。这些都补充了古地磁数据在文献中报道。本文的一个基本原则是，包含蛇绿岩碎片的主要缝合线代表洋壳俯冲的大陆块体之间的构造段。古特提斯大部分形成于晚石炭世。同时，它开始被内部和外围俯冲带所消耗，这些俯冲带一直持续到二叠纪;其中一些是从前特提斯时代继承下来的。在二叠纪晚期，在扎格罗斯和马来西亚之间开始了与冈瓦纳大陆北方边缘平行的裂谷作用，将辛梅利亚大陆与北印度大陆分开。冈瓦纳大陆，从而预示着新特提斯和其他较小的海洋，古特提斯弧后盆地的开放。这个裂谷可能还向西延伸到克里特岛和希腊大陆。然而，华北地块、扬子地块、华南地块、羌塘地块东部（藏北）和Annamia等原属晚元古代-早古生代冈瓦纳大陆的地块，在晚石炭世前，可能在泥盆纪时就已与冈瓦纳大陆分离。所有这些地块，以及Cimmerian大陆，在晚古生代具有华夏植物群的特征。古地磁和古生物学数据显示，这些大陆块的原始冈瓦纳大陆的亲和力是补充相关的晚元古代-早古生代泛非缝合线，造山带，和沉积盆地片段横跨特提斯缝合线。晚二叠世有孔虫区与这种古地理解释有关。到了三叠纪时期，大多数西米里德俯冲带已经存在。西梅利亚大陆加速了它与冈瓦纳大陆的分离，并在二叠纪晚期局部地沿着瓦瑟/鲁山-普沙尔特/邦贡错-怒江/曼德勒海洋开始内部解体。到三叠纪晚期，除了拉萨之外，所有的中国板块都与安纳米亚板块相互碰撞，并与劳亚板块碰撞。由此产生的巨大的造山拼贴有一个“软垫”本身和劳亚大陆之间，在松潘-甘孜的巨大增生复合体的形式。这种联系使劳亚陆栖脊椎动物能够在晚三叠世到达东南亚。在晚三叠世至中侏罗世，大多数主要的西米里德碰撞完成。中亚大范围的干旱发生在晚侏罗世，可能是在新形成的西米里德山墙的雨影中。沿着S.在侏罗纪时，位于Cimmerides边缘或新特提斯海洋岩石圈内。大多数，如果不是全部，都是向北或向东倾斜的。他们继续向北迁移的特提斯赛德块。特提斯的演化影响了海洋和陆地生物的分布，并影响了中生代和新生代大部分时间的海平面变化和大气环流模式。它可能反映了地幔中大规模对流环流持续趋势的表面表达，该环流不断将物质向北输送到特提斯域。
Abstract The Tethysides are a superorogenic complex flanking the Eurasian continent to the south and consisting of the Cimmerides and Alpides, products of Palaeo- and Neo-Tethys respectively. We here review their evolution, mainly on the basis of new maps showing the distribution of sutures, magmatic rocks, certain palaeobiogeographically and palaeoclimatologically significant taxa and facies, and fragments of Pan-African (900–450 Ma) orogenic system forming the basement of many Tethyside blocks. These are supplemented by palaeomagnetic data reported in the literature. A fundamental tenet of this paper is that major sutures which contain ophiolite fragments, represent tectonic sections between continental blocks where oceanic crust has been subducted. Palaeo-Tethys came into existence largely in late Carboniferous time. Coevally, it began to be consumed by both internal and peripheral subduction zones, which continued into the Permian; some of these had been inherited from pre-Tethyan times. In the later Permian, rifting subparallel with the northern margin of Gondwana Land began between the Zagros and Malaysia, separating a Cimmerian continent from N. Gondwana Land, and thus heralding the opening of Neo-Tethys and other smaller oceans that were back-arc basins of Palaeo-Tethys. This rifting possibly also extended farther west into Crete and mainland Greece. However, the North China block, Yangtze block, Huanan block, the eastern moity of the Qangtang block (North Tibet), and Annamia, all originally pieces of the end-Proterozoic-early Palaeozoic Gondwana Land, had already separated from it in pre-late Carboniferous times, possibly during the Devonian. All of these blocks, and the Cimmerian continent, were characterized by Cathaysian floral elements in late Palaeozoic time. Palaeomagnetic and palaeontological data showing the original Gondwana Land affinity of these continental blocks are supplemented by correlating late Proterozoic-early Palaeozoic Pan-African sutures, orogenic belts, and sedimentary basin fragments across Tethyside sutures. Late Permian foraminiferal provinces are related to this palaeogeographical interpretation. By Triassic times, most Cimmeride subduction zones were already in existence. The Cimmerian Continent accelerated its separation from Gondwana Land and—locally in the late Permian—began disintegrating internally along the Waser/Rushan-Pshart/Banggong Co-Nu Jiang/Mandalay ocean. By late Triassic time all of the Chinese blocks—except Lhasa-and Annamia had collided with each other and with Laurasia. The resulting enormous orogenic collage had a ‘soft cushion’ between itself and Laurasia, in the form of the enormous accretionary complex of the Songpan-Ganzi. This connection enabled Laurasian land vertebrates to reach south-east Asia by late Triassic time. In late Triassic to middle Jurassic times, most major Cimmeride collisions were completed. Widespread aridity in Central Asia occurred in late Jurassic time, probably in the rain shadow of the newly formed Cimmeride mountain wall. Neo-Tethyan subduction systems formed along the S. margin of the Cimmerides or within Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere during the Jurassic. Most, if not all, were north- or east-dipping. They continued the northerly migration of the Tethyside blocks. Evolution of the Tethysides influenced the distribution of marine and terrestrial organisms, and affected sea-level changes and patterns of atmospheric circulation during much of the Mesozoic and Cainozoic. It is likely to have reflected the surface expression of a persistent trend in the large-scale convective circulation in the mantle, that continuously transported material northward into the Tethyan domain.