COLOR DYNAMICS OF THE PUPIL
COLOR DYNAMICS OF THE PUPIL
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瞳孔的色彩动态
DOI：
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发表时间：
1969
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
M. Clynes
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Kohn;M. Clynes
在1960年，我们观察到瞳孔在对黑暗的闪光作出反应时出现了矛盾的收缩。这导致了瞳孔反射的基本动态不对称性的描述，并描绘了瞳孔行为的一个突出的，光强度敏感的组成部分，我们称之为速率敏感收缩反应。这种反应与较不突出的、较慢的对光线减弱的反应形成对比。在我们随后对颜色变化的影响的研究中，而不是光强度对瞳孔行为的影响，我们可以预期，每次颜色变化都会发生这种速率敏感的瞳孔收缩，因为这些变化会在视网膜的不同颜色受体上发生刺激的增加。根据单向速率敏感性的原理，这种刺激的增加不会被视网膜其他部分刺激的减少所抵消。这些预测被这里报道的实验所证实。还预测瞳孔振荡可以通过改变颜色来响应瞳孔直径的变化，而不改变强度。事实上，这种振荡很容易得到，并在这里报告。然而，在这些实验过程中，一种矛盾的瞳孔收缩被新观察到，以响应逐步去除光刺激的颜色成分。我们称之为“矛盾收缩”，因为同一颜色内光线强度的降低会导致瞳孔扩张。这种新的矛盾收缩具有速率敏感的瞳孔收缩的一般特征，尽管其幅度小于由闪光产生的瞳孔收缩。这种现象可以用颜色相互抑制理论来解释。去除一种颜色成分可以消除其对其余颜色的抑制作用，实际上可以增强它们。这一增长构成了对利率敏感的收缩的刺激。本文描述了抑制和激发之间关系的实验结果。新观察到的矛盾收缩也可能对观察神经系统中抑制和兴奋之间的一些粗略的定量关系有价值。
In 1960, we observed what appeared to be paradoxical contractions of the pupil in response to flashes of darkness. This led to a description of the essential dynamic asymmetry of the pupil reflex and a delineation of a prominent, light intensitysensitive component of pupillary behavior which we called the rate-sensitive contraction response.'-3 This response is contrasted with the less prominent, slower dilation in response to decreasing light. In our subsequent investigation of the effects of changes of color, rather than light intensity alone, upon pupillary behavior, it was to be expected that such a rate-sensitive pupillary contraction would occur for each change in color, since an increase in stimulation occurs a t different color receptors of the retina for these changes. Such increases in stimulation would not be canceled by a decrease of stimulus in other portions of the retina, in accordance with the principle of unidirectional rate sensitivity. These predictions are confirmed by experiments reported here. It was also predicted that pupillary oscillations could be obtained solely by changing color in response to a change in pupil diameter, without a change in intensity. Such oscillations were, in fact, readily obtained and are reported here. During the course of these experiments, however, a paradoxical pupillary contraction was newly observed in response to a step removal of a color component of the light stimulus. We call it "paradoxical contraction" because a reduction of the light intensity within the same color results in pupillary dilation. This new paradoxical contraction has the general characteristics of a rate-sensitive pupillary contraction, although of smaller amplitude than the contraction of the pupil produced by a flash of light. The phenomenon may be explained by a theory of mutual inhibition of colors. Removal of a color component removes its inhibiting effect on the remaining colors and, in effect, enhances them. The increase constitutes the stimulus for the rate-sensitive contraction. Results of experiments showing the relationship between inhibition and excitation are described in this paper. The newly observed pardoxical contraction may also be of value in observing some gross quantitative relations between inhibition and excitation in the nervous system.