Takeover Time in Highly Automated Vehicles: Noncritical Transitions to and From Manual Control
Takeover Time in Highly Automated Vehicles: Noncritical Transitions to and From Manual Control
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DOI：
10.1177/0018720816685832
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发表时间：
2017-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Stanton, Neville A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Eriksson, Alexander;Stanton, Neville A.
目的：本研究的目的是回顾现有的驾驶员控制转换研究，并确定驾驶员在非关键场景下从高度自动化车辆恢复控制所需的时间。背景：当代研究在设计自动驾驶控制转换时已从包容性设计方法转向仅遵循平均值/中值。对高度自动化驾驶中控制转换的研究主要集中在紧急情况下，即驾驶员被给予相对较短的时间来响应恢复手动控制的请求。我们发现对更频繁的控制转换场景的研究很少，例如计划从高速公路系统退出。方法：26 名驾驶员在激活自动驾驶功能的情况下驾驶了两种场景。驾驶员被要求阅读报纸，或监控系统，并在车辆系统提示时放弃或恢复对自动化的控制。结果：发现在有辅助任务和没有辅助任务的驾驶之间，控制转换时间明显更长。控制转换时间比同行评审文献中报告的时间要长得多。结论：我们发现，与文献中报告的时间相比，在没有时间压力的情况下，驾驶员需要更长的时间才能恢复控制。此外，我们发现，被次要任务占据的驾驶员表现出更大的方差，并且对恢复控制请求的响应更慢。工作量分数意味着最佳工作量。应用：车辆制造商和政策制定者需要适应个体内部和个体之间的差异，以确保当代系统的包容性设计和控制转换期间的安全性。
Objective: The aim of this study was to review existing research into driver control transitions and to determine the time it takes drivers to resume control from a highly automated vehicle in noncritical scenarios.Background: Contemporary research has moved from an inclusive design approach to adhering only to mean/median values when designing control transitions in automated driving. Research into control transitions in highly automated driving has focused on urgent scenarios where drivers are given a relatively short time span to respond to a request to resume manual control. We found a paucity in research into more frequent scenarios for control transitions, such as planned exits from highway systems.Method: Twenty-six drivers drove two scenarios with an automated driving feature activated. Drivers were asked to read a newspaper, or to monitor the system, and to relinquish, or resume, control from the automation when prompted by vehicle systems.Results: Significantly longer control transition times were found between driving with and without secondary tasks. Control transition times were substantially longer than those reported in the peer-reviewed literature.Conclusion: We found that drivers take longer to resume control when under no time pressure compared with that reported in the literature. Moreover, we found that drivers occupied by a secondary task exhibit larger variance and slower responses to requests to resume control. Workload scores implied optimal workload.Application: Intra- and interindividual differences need to be accommodated by vehicle manufacturers and policy makers alike to ensure inclusive design of contemporary systems and safety during control transitions.