Organized criminal violence and territorial control
Organized criminal violence and territorial control
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有组织的犯罪暴力和领土控制
DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Marlon Carranza
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Louis;Marlon Carranza
是什么导致了有组织犯罪暴力的地域差异？洪都拉斯是世界上凶杀率最高的国家之一，暴力的强度堪比许多内战。然而，暴力犯罪因城市和社区而异。试图控制领土的武装组织为了不同的目的使用暴力，包括与对手竞争，胁迫居民和国家官员，以及利用公众谋取利益。社区组织的变化（定义为人际关系的密度和对集体行动的共同期望的普遍程度）影响到为实现上述每一个目的而使用暴力的效用。社区组织可以提高控制领土的成本，减少强制暴力的好处，并产生保护居民免受剥削的压力。这些动态通过对洪都拉斯三个最暴力城市的九个社区的比较来检验，从分类杀人数据和人种学研究中得出结论。比较表明，社区组织密集的社区暴力程度较低。叙述性证据指出了社区组织调解犯罪集团之间竞争的影响及其与国家官员互动的具体方式。因此，社区特征影响着非国家武装行为体在国家存在有限的地区行使权力的方式。
What accounts for geographic variation in organized criminal violence? In Honduras, a country with one of the highest homicide rates in the world, the intensity of violence rivals many civil wars. Yet violent crime varies across cities and neighborhoods. Armed groups seeking to control territory use violence for different purposes, including competing against rivals, coercing residents and state officials, and exploiting the public for profit. Variations in community organization, defined as the density of interpersonal ties and the prevalence of shared expectations for collective action, affect the utility of violence for each of these purposes. Community organization can raise the cost of controlling territory, reduce the benefits of coercive violence, and generate pressure to protect residents from exploitation. These dynamics are examined through a comparison of nine neighborhoods in three of Honduras’s most violent cities, drawing from disaggregated homicide data and ethnographic research. The comparison shows that neighborhoods with denser community organization experienced lower levels of violence. Narrative evidence points to specific ways in which community organization mediates effects of competition among criminal groups and their interaction with state officials. Community characteristics thus affect the way non-state armed actors exercise authority in areas of limited state presence.