Bacterial behaviors in confined diorama environments
Bacterial behaviors in confined diorama environments
复制标题
有限立体环境中的细菌行为
DOI：
10.1016/j.bpj.2022.05.045
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Ishikawa Takuji
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yuto Mori;Haruki Mizushina;Kenji Yamamoto;Shiro Suyama;Ishikawa Takuji
细菌和古细菌在世界范围内广泛分布，细胞计数高达1.2 x 1030（1）。其中约90%存在于土壤、沉积物和地下（1）;因此，它们倾向于生活在封闭的环境中，而不是开放的空间。这些细胞在生态系统和物质循环中发挥着重要作用。细菌也存在于其他生物有机体中，例如在共生和感染的背景下，并且对宿主的健康和疾病具有深远的影响（2）。这些细胞也生活在受限的环境中。因此，从生态学、生物学、医学和工程学的角度来看，了解细菌在密闭环境中的行为是很重要的。在自然界中，细菌存在的物理环境极其复杂，例如在昆虫器官，植物根部和鱿鱼的光器官中可以看到共生现象。细菌暴露于各种刺激，如化学浓度场，光强度，重力和几何约束。由于直接观察和测量的困难，准确阐明细菌在体内的物理环境是一个挑战。在这种背景下，大多数以前的细菌行为研究采用了一个简单的实验室设置，只涉及一个明确定义的刺激。因此，所获得的结果虽然易于理解，但可能无法直接应用于自然界中细菌的行为，因为纯实验室和复杂的体内环境之间存在显着差异。为了弥合这一差距，应在实验室环境中重现真实的复杂条件。这种人造环境有时被称为“立体环境”，它是现实环境的良好控制的微型模型。立体场景环境可以成为微生物学领域的强大工具，开辟新的研究领域。在这一期的《生物物理学杂志》上，林奇等人。(3)使用微流体和毛细管来开发一个立体环境，代表鞭毛海洋细菌Vibrio fischeri和夏威夷短尾鱿鱼Euprymna sputteropes之间的共生过程，如图1所示。费氏弧菌必须在狭窄的几何空间（即2 μ m宽的组织）中航行，才能最终到达它的家。Lynch等人(3)研究了V. fischeri在立体环境中的行为，并报告了由几何约束引起的有趣的新行为。具体地说，
Bacteria and archaea are widely distributed worldwide, with cell counts as high as 1.2 x 1030 (1). About 90% of them are found in soil, sediment, and subsurfaces (1); thus, they tend to live in confined environments rather than in open spaces. These cells play an important role in ecosystems and material cycles. Bacteria are also found in other biological organisms, in the context of symbiosis and infection, for example, and have a profound effect on the health and disease of the hosts (2). Such cells also live in constrained surroundings. Thus, understanding bacterial behavior in confined environments is important from the perspectives of ecology, biology, medicine, and engineering. In nature, the physical environments in which bacteria exist are extremely complex, with symbiosis seen in insect organs, plant roots, and in the light organs of squid, for example. Bacteria are exposed to a variety of stimuli, such as chemical concentration fields, light intensity, gravity, and geometric constraints. Accurately elucidating the physical environment of bacteria in vivo is a challenge due to the difficulty of direct observation and measurement. Against this background, most previous studies of bacterial behavior employed a simple laboratory setup involving only one clearly defined stimulus. As such, the results obtained, while easy to understand, may not be directly applicable to the behavior of bacteria in nature, as there is a significant difference between purely laboratory and complex in vivo environments.To bridge this gap, realistic complex conditions should be recreated in the laboratory environment. Such artificial environments are sometimes called‘‘diorama environments,’’which are well-controlled miniature models of realistic environments. Diorama environments can be powerful tools in the field of microbiology, opening up new areas of research. In this issue of Biophysical Journal, Lynch et al.(3) used microfluidics and capillaries to develop a diorama environment representing the symbiotic process between the flagellated marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, as shown in Fig. 1. V. fischeri must navigate tight geometric spaces, ie, 2-μm-wide tissue, on the way to its eventual home. Lynch et al.(3) investigated the behavior of V. fischeri in a diorama environment and reported an interesting new behavior induced by the geometric constraints. Specifically,