Sex differences in nicotine effects and self-administration: review of human and animal evidence.
Sex differences in nicotine effects and self-administration: review of human and animal evidence.
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DOI：
10.1080/14622299050011431
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发表时间：
1999-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Caggiula, A R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Perkins, K A;Donny, E;Caggiula, A R
尽管人类和动物文献均注意到，对自我给药行为中可能存在的性别差异普遍缺乏关注，但越来越多的证据表明，雄性和雌性在维持吸烟或尼古丁自我给药的因素方面可能存在差异。尼古丁本身的自我给药在女性中可能不太稳健，女性对尼古丁的某些可能强化的作用不如男性敏感。与男性相比，女性的吸烟行为可能更多地受到与吸烟相关的非尼古丁刺激的影响，这表明女性吸烟的条件强化更大。此外，尼古丁替代，目前的标准戒烟治疗，有时对妇女的效果较差，进一步表明需要更多地考虑可能维持妇女吸烟的非尼古丁因素。最近对大鼠的研究也表明尼古丁自我给药存在性别差异。然而，这些差异是复杂的，并表明尼古丁寻求行为是由几个组成部分，包括享乐，激励，动机和条件作用;男性和女性可能在这些组件中的一个或多个不同。月经或发情周期阶段对尼古丁自我给药维持的影响在人类或动物中并不特别明显，尽管周期阶段可能影响依赖的其他阶段（例如，戒断症状）。未来的研究应进一步评估人类和非人类物种结果的一致性，确定观察到性别差异的条件和程序，并阐明男性和女性之间可能存在差异的强化的具体成分。研究还应审查这些性别差异对其他滥用药物的可能普遍性。确定负责这些性别差异的具体因素可能会导致改善妇女戒烟和其他药物滥用的干预措施。
Although both the human and animal literatures are notable for the general lack of attention paid to possible sex differences in drug self-administration behavior, evidence is accumulating to suggest that males and females may differ in factors that maintain tobacco smoking or nicotine self-administration. Self-administration of nicotine per se may be less robust in women, and women are less sensitive than men to some effects of nicotine that may be reinforcing. Compared to men, smoking behavior of women may be influenced more by non-nicotine stimuli associated with smoking, suggesting greater conditioned reinforcement of smoking in women. Moreover, nicotine replacement, the current standard treatment for smoking cessation, is sometimes less effective in women, further suggesting the need for greater consideration of non-nicotine factors that may maintain women's smoking. Very recent research on rats also indicates sex differences in nicotine self-administration. However, these differences are complex and suggest that nicotine-seeking behavior is composed of several components, including hedonic, incentive-motivational, and conditioning effects; males and females may differ in one or more of these components. Menstrual or estrous cycle phase effects on the maintenance of nicotine self-administration are not particularly apparent in humans or animals, although cycle phase may influence other stages of dependence (e.g., withdrawal symptoms during cessation). Future research should evaluate further the consistency of results across human and non-human species, identify the conditions and procedures under which sex differences are observed, and elucidate the specific components of reinforcement that may differ between males and females. Studies also should examine the possible generalizability of these sex differences to other drugs of abuse. Identification of specific factors responsible for these sex differences may lead to improved interventions for smoking cessation and other substance abuse in women.