The Settlement of the Poor and the Rise of the Form in England, c.1662–1780
The Settlement of the Poor and the Rise of the Form in England, c.1662–1780
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英国穷人的定居和形式的兴起，c.1662–1780
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发表时间：
2017
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通讯作者：
Naomi Tadmor
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作者：
Naomi Tadmor
从1662年开始，以及从1685年开始，新的法律颁布，通过正式的标准--关于财产、就业和亲属关系--改变了穷人与他们居住地的关系，没有这些标准就不能获得“定居”，移民可以被驱逐。在18世纪的过程中，“定居”的概念成为民族文化的一部分。这篇文章探讨了一个重要的，如果无意的后果，零敲碎打的立法：创建了一个庞大的机构的行政形式，熟悉所有谁访问当地档案馆，这对很多人产生了影响。文章的第一部分介绍了在英格兰的印刷形式的历史，并确定了伦敦打印机谁销售的结算形式，特别是约翰科尔斯，突出c.1730-70。第二个例子说明了在西北部和东南部使用定居形式，包括在行政记录中继续使用手写体，以及印刷和手写体之间的共生关系--这进一步将伦敦文具商的企业置于背景中。最后一节说明印刷形式是如何取得胜利的，因为随着时间的推移，印刷形式的生产不仅下放到各省，成为地方政府的一个核心方面，而且被立法机构用于管理穷人的事务。本文由此揭示了这一时期英国的国家形成、物质文化和印刷文化等方面。这些论点强调了法律和市场在塑造18世纪国家演变过程中的作用，以及不仅要考虑自上而下实施国家权力，还要考虑自下而上的倡议的重要性。
Abstract From 1662, and increasingly from 1685, new laws were enacted that changed the relationship of the poor to their places of habitation by formalising criteria – regarding property, employment, and kinship – without which ‘settlement’ could not be gained, and a migrant could be removed. In the course of the 1700s, concepts of ‘settlement’ became a part of the national culture. The article examines an important if unintended consequence of the piecemeal legislation: the creation of a large body of administrative forms, familiar to all who visit the local archives, which had an impact on a great number of people. The article’s first section introduces the history of the printed form in England and identifies the London printers who marketed the settlement forms, particularly John Coles, prominent c.1730–70. The second illustrates the use of settlement forms in the north-west and the south-east, including the continued use of script in administrative record-keeping, and the symbiosis between print and script – which further places in context the enterprises of the London stationers. The final section shows how the printed form emerged triumphant, as in the course of time form production had not only devolved to the provinces, where it became a central aspect of local government, but was adopted by the legislature for administering the affairs of the poor. The article thus uncovers aspects of state formation, material culture, and print culture in England during the period. The arguments emphasize the role of both the law and the market in shaping the evolving eighteenth-century state, and the importance of considering not only the implementation of state power from above, but initiatives from below.