Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees: evidence from field experiments
Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees: evidence from field experiments
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DOI：
10.1007/s10071-003-0183-x
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发表时间：
2003-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Matsuzawa, T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Biro, D;Inoue-Nakamura, N;Matsuzawa, T
黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）是野外最熟练和最多才多艺的工具使用者。这些技能如何成为整合到野生黑猩猩社区的行为剧目在这里调查的证据，从三个互补的方法在一组油棕榈坚果（油棕gidneensis）破解黑猩猩在博苏，几内亚。第一，对博苏附近社区的广泛调查表明，不能纯粹根据生态差异来解释特定人群使用工具的细节，例如选择坚果种类作为开裂目标。其次，一项追踪黑猩猩个体坚果开裂发展的16年纵向记录强调了学习关键期（3-5岁）的重要性，而兄弟姐妹经历的相似学习环境导致了近乎完美的（14对中的13对）兄弟姐妹间的侧化对应。第三，从野外实验中获得的新数据，包括将陌生的坚果物种引入Bossou群体，阐明了文化创新和传播的关键方面。我们发现，个人对新项目的反应显着不同的年龄，青少年是最有可能探索。此外，受试者在选择同种动物作为观察模型时具有高度特异性，他们关注的是同一年龄组或年龄更大但不比自己年轻的个体的坚果开裂活动。连同群落间迁移的现象，这些结果证明了野生黑猩猩文化出现的机制。
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are the most proficient and versatile users of tools in the wild. How such skills become integrated into the behavioural repertoire of wild chimpanzee communities is investigated here by drawing together evidence from three complementary approaches in a group of oil-palm nut- (Elaeis gidneensis) cracking chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. First, extensive surveys of communities adjacent to Bossou have shown that population-specific details of tool use, such as the selection of species of nuts as targets for cracking, cannot be explained purely on the basis of ecological differences. Second, a 16-year longitudinal record tracing the development of nut-cracking in individual chimpanzees has highlighted the importance of a critical period for learning (3-5 years of age), while the similar learning contexts experienced by siblings have been found to result in near-perfect (13 out of 14 dyads) inter-sibling correspondence in laterality. Third, novel data from field experiments involving the introduction of unfamiliar species of nuts to the Bossou group illuminates key aspects of both cultural innovation and transmission. We show that responses of individuals toward the novel items differ markedly with age, with juveniles being the most likely to explore. Furthermore, subjects are highly specific in their selection of conspecifics as models for observation, attending to the nut-cracking activities of individuals in the same age group or older, but not younger than themselves. Together with the phenomenon of inter-community migration, these results demonstrate a mechanism for the emergence of culture in wild chimpanzees.