Intraspecific Variation and Interspecific Differences in the Bacterial and Fungal Assemblages of Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) and Great Tit (Parus major) Nests
Intraspecific Variation and Interspecific Differences in the Bacterial and Fungal Assemblages of Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) and Great Tit (Parus major) Nests
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DOI：
10.1007/s00248-009-9591-z
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发表时间：
2010-02-01
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Stallwood, Bethan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Goodenough, Anne E.;Stallwood, Bethan
虽然在鸟类和微生物之间的关系的兴趣正在增加，很少有研究比较野生雀形目鸟类的巢微生物组合，以确定物种内和物种之间的变化。从蓝山雀（Cyanistes caeruleus）和大山雀（山雀）巢从同一研究地点培养微生物表现出不同的微生物群落与32种细菌和13种真菌被分离。优势细菌为荧光假单胞菌、恶臭假单胞菌和猪葡萄球菌。在巢穴中也很常见的是角蛋白分解细菌施氏假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌。优势真菌为草枝孢菌和紫附球菌。黄曲霉菌，鸡小孢子菌和白色念珠菌（禽曲霉病，黄曲霉菌和念珠菌病的病原体）分别存在于30%，25%和10%的巢，分别。虽然有巢质量或材料没有差异，细菌（而不是真菌）负载显着较高的蓝山雀巢。微生物种类也不同种间。至于潜在病原体，阴沟肠杆菌在蓝山雀巢中的患病率较高，而绿脓杆菌（存在于30%的蓝山雀巢中）在大山雀巢中不存在。在大山雀巢中，过敏性真菌枝孢菌（Cladosporium cladosporioides）更为普遍和丰富。使用判别函数分析（DFA），巢被分类为鸟类物种与100%的准确性，使用完整的微生物群落。部分DFA模型使用减少的变量数量，并使用赤池的信息标准的基础上，模型拟合和简约进行比较。最好的模型分类未知的巢与72.5-95%的准确性，使用一小部分的微生物（n = 1-8），其中总是包括假单胞菌。这表明，尽管大量的种内变化巢微生物区系，有显着的种间差异，无论是在个别微生物和整体微生物群落，即使当宿主物种密切相关，生态相似，同域，并构建非常相似的巢。
Although interest in the relationship between birds and microorganisms is increasing, few studies have compared nest microbial assemblages in wild passerines to determine variation within and between species. Culturing microorganisms from blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) and great tit (Parus major) nests from the same study site demonstrated diverse microbial communities with 32 bacterial and 13 fungal species being isolated. Dominant bacteria were Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, and Staphylococcus hyicus. Also common in the nests were the keratinolytic bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri and Bacillus subtilis. Dominant fungi were Cladosporium herbarum and Epicoccum purpurascens. Aspergillus flavous, Microsporum gallinae, and Candida albicans (causative agents of avian aspergillosis, favus, and candidiasis, respectively) were present in 30%, 25%, and 10% of nests, respectively. Although there were no differences in nest mass or materials, bacterial (but not fungal) loads were significantly higher in blue tit nests. Microbial species also differed interspecifically. As regards potential pathogens, the prevalence of Enterobacter cloacae was higher in blue tit nests, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa-present in 30% of blue tit nests-was absent from great tit nests. The allergenic fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides was both more prevalent and abundant in great tit nests. Using discriminant function analysis (DFA), nests were classified to avian species with 100% accuracy using the complete microbial community. Partial DFA models were created using a reduced number of variables and compared using Akaike's information criterion on the basis of model fit and parsimony. The best models classified unknown nests with 72.5-95% accuracy using a small subset of microbes (n = 1-8), which always included Pseudomonas agarici. This suggests that despite substantial intraspecific variation in nest microflora, there are significant interspecific differences-both in terms of individual microbes and the overall microbial community-even when host species are closely related, ecologically similar, sympatric, and construct very similar nests.