Changes in brain activity during motor learning measured with PET: effects of hand of performance and practice.
Changes in brain activity during motor learning measured with PET: effects of hand of performance and practice.
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DOI：
10.1152/jn.1998.80.4.2177
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发表时间：
1998-10
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
H. V. Mier;L. W. Tempel;J. Perlmutter;M. Raichle;S. Petersen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. V. Mier;L. W. Tempel;J. Perlmutter;M. Raichle;S. Petersen
本研究的目的是评估在连续执行设计跟踪任务期间测量的大脑活动。解决了三个问题：识别执行迷宫和正方形追踪任务所涉及的大脑区域，调查这些区域与优势手和非优势手表现相关的差异和相似之处，最重要的是，检查这些区域的练习效果。总共 32 名正常右手受试者被要求在 40 秒的正电子发射断层扫描 (PET) 扫描期间闭上眼睛，用惯用手（16 名受试者）或非惯用左手（16 名受试者）连续移动笔，穿过迷宫和方形图案，以测量局部血流。有六个条件：1）将笔放在写字板上不动（静止条件）； 2）未经练习就走迷宫； 3）练习10分钟后追踪同一个迷宫； 4）探索新奇的迷宫；并以 5) 高速或 6) 低速描绘易于学习的方形设计。为了识别通常与连续追踪相关的大脑区域，对五次追踪扫描期间获取的合并数据减去休息条件进行了数据分析。激活的区域包括：初级和次级运动区、体感、顶叶和下额皮质、丘脑和几个小脑区域。然后对右手和左手的表现进行比较。性能没有显着差异。至于大脑激活，只有初级运动皮层和小脑前部显示出随手的表现而切换的激活。除中脑外，所有其他区域都显示出右手和左手操作时常见的激活。进一步分析这些区域的显着条件效应。我们发现激活模式与对侧初级运动皮层的速度相关，与右侧前运动区和顶叶区以及左侧小脑的非熟练表现相关，与辅助运动区（SMA）的熟练表现相关，以及与受试者在左侧前运动皮层、同侧前小脑、右后小脑和右侧齿状部的能力水平相关 核。这些发现证明了两个重要原则：1）练习产生从一组区域到不同区域的活动转变；2）无论使用哪只手，与练习相关的激活都会出现在同一半球，这表明与迷宫学习相关的一些区域必须在与任务本身的运动表现不同的抽象水平上编码信息。
The aim of this study is to assess brain activity measured during continuous performance of design tracing tasks. Three issues were addressed: identification of brain areas involved in performing maze and square tracing tasks, investigation of differences and similarities in these areas related to dominant and nondominant hand performance, and most importantly, examination of the effects of practice in these areas. A total of 32 normal, right-handed subjects were instructed to move a pen with the dominant right hand (16 subjects) or nondominant left hand (16 subjects) continuously through cut-out maze and square patterns with their eyes closed during a 40-s positron emission tomography (PET) scan to measure regional blood flow. There were six conditions: 1) holding the pen on a writing tablet without moving it (rest condition); 2) tracing a maze without practice; 3) tracing the same maze after 10 min of practice; 4) tracing a novel maze; and tracing an easily learned square design at 5) high or 6) low speed. To identify brain areas generally related to continuous tracing, data analyses were performed on the combined data acquired during the five tracing scans minus rest conditions. Areas activated included: primary and secondary motor areas, somatosensory, parietal, and inferior frontal cortex, thalamus, and several cerebellar regions. Then comparisons were made between right- and left-hand performance. There were no significant differences in performance. As for brain activations, only primary motor cortex and anterior cerebellum showed activations that switched with hand of performance. All other areas, with the exception of the midbrain, showed activations that were common for both right- and left-hand performance. These areas were further analyzed for significant conditional effects. We found patterns of activation related to velocity in the contralateral primary motor cortex, related to unskilled performance in right premotor and parietal areas and left cerebellum, related to skilled performance in supplementary motor area (SMA), and related to the level of capacity at which subjects were performing in left premotor cortex, ipsilateral anterior cerebellum, right posterior cerebellum and right dentate nucleus. These findings demonstrate two important principles: 1) practice produces a shift in activity from one set of areas to a different area and 2) practice-related activations appeared in the same hemisphere regardless of the hand used, suggesting that some of the areas related to maze learning must code information at an abstract level that is distinct from the motor performance of the task itself.