SOME CONDITIONS OF OBEDIENCE AND DISOBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY
SOME CONDITIONS OF OBEDIENCE AND DISOBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY
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DOI：
10.1177/001872676501800105
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发表时间：
1965-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
MILGRAM, S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
MILGRAM, S
一个代理人命令另一个代理人去伤害第三个代理人，这种情况在人际关系中反复出现，成为一个重要的主题。这在亚伯拉罕的故事中得到了有力的表达，他被上帝命令杀死他的儿子。克尔凯郭尔试图将他的思想定位于人类经验的中心主题，因此选择亚伯拉罕的冲突作为他的哲学的出发点，这并非偶然，战争也是在权威的三位一体中向前发展的，权威命令一个人消灭敌人，也许所有有组织的敌对行动都可以被看作是权威、执行者和受害者这三个要素的主题和变体。我们描述了一个实验计划，最近在耶鲁大学，在其中一个特定的表达，这种冲突的实验手段进行了研究。在最一般的形式中，这个问题可以这样定义：如果X告诉Y去伤害Z，在什么条件下Y会执行X的命令，在什么条件下他会拒绝。在实验室研究中，问题就变成了：如果一个实验者告诉一个受试者去伤害另一个人，在什么条件下受试者会沿着这个指令，在什么条件下他会拒绝服从。实验室问题与其说是一般陈述的一种稀释，不如说是这个问题可能采取的许多特殊形式的一种具体表达。
THE SITUATION in which one agent commands another to hurt a third turns up time and again as a significant theme in human relations. It is powerfully expressed in the story of Abraham, who is commanded by God to kill his son. It is no accident that Kierkegaard, seeking to orient his thought to the central themes of human experience, chose Abraham's conflict as the springboard to his philosophy.War too moves forward on the triad of an authority which commands a person to destroy the enemy, and perhaps all organized hostility may be viewed as a theme and variation on the three elements of authority, executant, and victim.* We describe an experimental program, recently concluded at Yale University, in which a particular expression of this conflict is studied by experimental means. In its most general form the problem may be defined thus: if X tells Yto hurt Z, under what conditions will Y carry out the command of X and under what conditions will he refuse. In the more limited form possible in laboratory research, the question becomes: if an experimenter tells a subject to hurt another person, under what conditions will the subject go along with this instruction, and under what conditions will he refuse to obey. The laboratory problem is not so much a dilution of the general statement as one concrete expression of the many particular forms this question may assume.