What about Females? Urban Female Song Sparrows Elevate Aggressive Signaling Compared to Rural
What about Females? Urban Female Song Sparrows Elevate Aggressive Signaling Compared to Rural
复制标题
女性呢？
DOI：
10.1093/icb/icac106
复制
发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Sewall, Kendra B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lane, Samuel J.;Sewall, Kendra B.
繁殖行为的成本和收益受环境条件的影响，栖息地的变化可以改变行为的表达程度。与农村栖息地相比，新的城市栖息地在噪音、夜间光线、人类存在以及资源可用性等干扰方面存在显著差异。也许是因为这些环境差异，一些物种的城市雄性始终比农村雄性更具侵略性，这提出了一个假设，即在城市栖息地，更大的领土侵略性是有益的。虽然经常被忽视，但许多物种的雌性鸣禽在繁殖季节也会对同种动物表现出侵略性的领土行为。对于一夫一妻制的鸣禽来说，这种攻击性的作用是确保伴侣的忠诚和确保繁殖资源的安全。城市化对鸣禽行为影响的研究尚未确定城市雌性鸣禽是否也表现出更大的领土侵略。重要的是，能量要求行为，如领土和亲代照顾应该相互制约，导致在繁殖季节的行为权衡。虽然在一些鸣禽的雄性中，领土侵略和亲代照顾呈负相关，但对雌性鸣禽，特别是那些面临环境变化（如城市化）的鸣禽，这种关系的研究还不够充分。在这项研究中，我们比较了生活在城市和农村栖息地的雌性鸣禽（Melospiza melodia）的攻击性信号和亲代照顾（母巢探访率）。我们假设女性攻击性信号在城市环境中比在农村环境中更高，并且与母亲探视率负相关。我们发现，与农村相比，城市女性和男性一样，表达了更多的攻击性信号。然而，雌性攻击性信号与我们对母性关怀的测量无关，这表明雌性并没有面临这两种行为之间的权衡。总的来说，我们的结果与城市栖息地促进雌性鸣禽领土侵略的假设是一致的。随着城市化的不断蔓延，了解动物在城市环境中所采取的行为变化需要研究不同性别和年龄阶层的个体，这将有助于我们了解一些物种如何能够应对人类引起的快速环境变化。
The costs and benefits of breeding behaviors are influenced by environmental conditions, and habitat variation can shift the degree to which behaviors are expressed. Novel urban habitats have been shown to differ significantly in disturbances such as noise, light at night, and human presence, as well as resource availability, compared to rural habitats. Perhaps because of these environmental differences, urban males of several species are consistently more aggressive than rural males, raising the hypothesis that greater territorial aggression is beneficial in urban habitats. Though often ignored, female songbirds of many species also perform aggressive territorial behaviors toward conspecifics during the breeding season. For socially monogamous songbirds, this aggression functions to ensure partner fidelity and secure resources for reproduction. Studies of the effects of urbanization on songbird behavior have yet to determine if urban females also express greater territorial aggression. Importantly, energetically demanding behaviors such as territoriality and parental care should constrain one another, leading to behavioral trade-offs during the breeding season. Though territorial aggression and parental care are inversely related in males of several species of songbird, this relationship is understudied in female songbirds, particularly those facing environmental change, such as urbanization. In this study, we compared aggressive signaling and a measure of parental care (maternal nest visitation rates) between female song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), living in urban and rural habitats. We hypothesized that female aggressive signaling would be higher in urban environments compared to rural, and negatively correlated with maternal visitation rates. We found that urban females, like males, expressed increased aggressive signaling compared to rural. However, female aggressive signaling was not related to our measure of maternal care, suggesting females aren't facing a trade-off between these two behaviors. Collectively, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that urban habitats promote territorial aggression in female song sparrows. As urbanization continues to spread, understanding the behavioral changes animals employ in urban environments requires studying individuals of different sexes and age classes, and will help us understand how some species are able to cope with human-induced rapid environmental change.