Effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on offspring's cognitive ability: Empirical evidence for complete confounding in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on offspring's cognitive ability: Empirical evidence for complete confounding in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
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DOI：
10.1542/peds.2006-0168
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发表时间：
2006-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
8
通讯作者：
Deary, Ian J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Batty, G. David;Der, Geoff;Deary, Ian J.
背景许多研究报告说，母亲在怀孕期间吸烟与后代的智商得分较低有关。混淆是解释这种关联的关键问题。方法。在1979年的美国全国青年纵向调查中，智商是在儿童时期使用皮博迪个人成就测试连续确定的，其总分包括3个子测试的结果：数学，阅读理解和阅读识别。母亲的智商通过武装部队资格测试进行评估。有5578个后代（出生于3145个母亲）的母亲吸烟习惯，总皮博迪个人成就测试得分和协变量的完整信息。怀孕期间每天吸烟超过1包的母亲所生的孩子的智商（皮博迪个人成就测试总分）平均比不吸烟的母亲所生的孩子低2.87分。单独控制母亲的教育（0.27-IQ-点递减），并在较小程度上，母亲的智商（1.51-IQ-点递减）导致显着衰减的母亲吸烟子女智商的关系。当皮博迪个人成就测试子测试结果是感兴趣的结果时，观察到类似的结果模式。唯一的例外是皮博迪个人成就测试的数学分数，其中调整母亲的智商基本上导致母亲吸烟后代智商梯度的完全衰减（0.66-IQ点递减）。控制身体，行为和其他社会指标的影响远不如母亲的教育或智商明显。这些发现表明，以前的研究没有调整母亲的教育和/或智商可能高估了母亲吸烟与后代认知能力的关联。
BACKGROUND. Numerous studies have reported that maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is related to lower IQ scores in the offspring. Confounding is a crucial issue in interpreting this association.METHODS. In the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, IQ was ascertained serially during childhood using the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, the total score for which comprises results on 3 subtests: mathematics, reading comprehension, and reading recognition. Maternal IQ was assessed by using the Armed Forces Qualification Test. There were 5578 offspring ( born to 3145 mothers) with complete information for maternal smoking habits, total Peabody Individual Achievement Test score, and covariates.RESULTS. The offspring of mothers who smoked >= 1 pack of cigarettes per day during pregnancy had an IQ score ( Peabody Individual Achievement Test total) that was, on average, 2.87 points lower than children born to nonsmoking mothers. Separate control for maternal education (0.27-IQ-point decrement) and, to a lesser degree, maternal IQ (1.51-IQ-point decrement) led to marked attenuation of the maternal-smoking-offspring-IQ relation. A similar pattern of results was seen when Peabody Individual Achievement Test subtest results were the outcomes of interest. The only exception was the Peabody Individual Achievement Test mathematics score, in which adjusting for maternal IQ essentially led to complete attenuation of the maternal-smoking-offspring-IQ gradient (0.66-IQ-point decrement). The impact of controlling for physical, behavioral, and other social indices was much less pronounced than for maternal education or IQ.CONCLUSIONS. These findings suggest that previous studies that did not adjust for maternal education and/or IQ may have overestimated the association of maternal smoking with offspring cognitive ability.