Moral Borderwork: Policies, Policing, and Practices of Migrant Smuggling at the EU-Morocco Border
Moral Borderwork: Policies, Policing, and Practices of Migrant Smuggling at the EU-Morocco Border
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道德边境工作：欧盟-摩洛哥边境偷运移民的政策、警务和做法
作者：
Line Richter
在正在进行的全球“反移民战争”中，没有哪个角色比“人口走私者”更受诋毁了。无耻之徒利用无辜民众的形象充斥着媒体和政治话语。摩洛哥在这方面也不例外，它的战略地缘政治地位是非洲和欧洲之间的主要门户。在这篇文章中，我研究了走私者是如何在欧洲-摩洛哥边境的边境工作中占据中心位置的。边界工作的概念作为一种描述边界创建和控制的复杂和快速变化的经验复杂性的方式，在最近的学术研究中获得了牵引力。本文将进一步发展这一概念，重点关注边境工作复杂的三个相互交织的方面：政策、警务和偷运移民的做法。在这里，我并没有对邪恶的走私者叙述进行反驳（许多学者已经令人钦佩地完成了这项任务），而是对反走私政策、移民的地方治安和移民走私实践中不同交叉形式的道德劳动感兴趣，并对道德边界工作的概念进行初步论证。这个概念使我们能够考虑如何在边界工作综合体中提出、再现和处理社会问题。基于长期的民族志田野调查，本文的出发点是摩洛哥2018年夏秋两季的一个特定时刻，在那里，大量黑人移民被暴力逮捕并驱逐出该国北部。
ABSTRACT In the ongoing global ‘war on migration’, no character has been more vilified than the ‘human smuggler’. Images of unscrupulous men taking advantage of innocent people flood the media and political discourse. Morocco, with its strategic geopolitical position as a main gateway between Africa and Europe, is no exception in this regard. In this article, I examine how the smuggler has come centre stage in the borderwork around the Europe–Morocco frontier. The concept of borderwork has gained traction in recent scholarship as a way of describing the complicated and rapidly changing empirical complexity of the creation and control of borders. This article further develops this notion, focusing on three intertwined aspects of the borderwork complex: policies, policing and practices of migrant smuggling. Rather than providing counter-arguments to the evil smuggler narrative (a task that has been admirably accomplished by many scholars) I here take an interest in the different intersecting forms of moral labour that go into anti-smuggling policies, local policing of migrants and practices of migrant smuggling, and make a preliminary case for the concept of moral borderwork. This concept allows us to consider how social concerns are raised, reproduced and handled in the borderwork complex. Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork, the point of departure for this article is a particular moment in time during the summer and autumn of 2018 in Morocco, where black migrants were violently arrested and expelled in large numbers from the northern part of the country.