Aragonite precipitation by "proto-polyps" in coral cell cultures.
Aragonite precipitation by "proto-polyps" in coral cell cultures.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0035049
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Falkowski PG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mass T;Drake JL;Haramaty L;Rosenthal Y;Schofield OM;Sherrell RM;Falkowski PG
珊瑚钙化在分子、细胞和组织水平上的机制知之甚少。在这项研究中，我们研究了碳酸钙沉淀使用新的珊瑚组织文化，聚集形成“原息肉”。我们的目标是建立一个实验系统，在细胞水平上促进钙化，同时允许在体外操作的钙化液。这种新的珊瑚养殖技术使我们能够研究生物矿化的机制及其对地球化学指标的影响。的hermatypic，zooxanthellate珊瑚，Stylophora pistillata的活细胞培养物，已保持了6至8周。使用具有类似于开放海洋表面沃茨的文石饱和状态的富集海水培养基（Ωarag 4），原代细胞培养物组装成“原息肉”，其形成细胞外有机基质（ECM）并沉淀文石晶体。这些细胞外文石晶体长约10微米，形成于原珊瑚虫的外表面，并通过其独特的拉长晶体学和X射线衍射图案来识别。文石的沉淀是独立的光合作用的虫黄藻，并没有发生在控制实验缺乏珊瑚细胞或当珊瑚细胞与叠氮化钠中毒。我们的研究结果表明，原珊瑚虫，聚集从初级珊瑚组织培养，功能（从生物矿化的角度来看）类似于整个珊瑚。这种方法为研究这些生物体中钙化的生物物理机制提供了一种新的工具。
The mechanisms of coral calcification at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels are poorly understood. In this study, we examine calcium carbonate precipitation using novel coral tissue cultures that aggregate to form “proto-polyps”. Our goal is to establish an experimental system in which calcification is facilitated at the cellular level, while simultaneously allowing in vitro manipulations of the calcifying fluid. This novel coral culturing technique enables us to study the mechanisms of biomineralization and their implications for geochemical proxies. Viable cell cultures of the hermatypic, zooxanthellate coral, Stylophora pistillata, have been maintained for 6 to 8 weeks. Using an enriched seawater medium with aragonite saturation state similar to open ocean surface waters (Ωarag∼4), the primary cell cultures assemble into “proto-polyps” which form an extracellular organic matrix (ECM) and precipitate aragonite crystals. These extracellular aragonite crystals, about 10 µm in length, are formed on the external face of the proto-polyps and are identified by their distinctive elongated crystallography and X-ray diffraction pattern. The precipitation of aragonite is independent of photosynthesis by the zooxanthellae, and does not occur in control experiments lacking coral cells or when the coral cells are poisoned with sodium azide. Our results demonstrate that proto-polyps, aggregated from primary coral tissue culture, function (from a biomineralization perspective) similarly to whole corals. This approach provides a novel tool for investigating the biophysical mechanism of calcification in these organisms.