A double disadvantage? Minority group, immigrant status, and underemployment in the United States
A double disadvantage? Minority group, immigrant status, and underemployment in the United States
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DOI：
10.1111/0038-4941.00011
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发表时间：
2001-03-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Madamba, AB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
De Jong, GF;Madamba, AB
目的。本研究记录了美国本土出生的少数族裔以及少数族裔移民男性和女性工人所经历的四种就业不足的程度，并检验了一种“双重不利”的经济结果假设，即少数族裔工人往往被引导进入次级部门的工作，而移民工人在劳动力同化方面面临初始不利条件。
方法。年龄在25 - 64岁之间、处于劳动力队伍且未上学的男性和女性的数据来自1990年人口普查局公共使用微观数据样本。使用多项逻辑回归程序来估计少数族裔群体成员身份和移民身份对失业、兼职就业、工作贫困和职业错配相对于充分就业的几率的影响。
结果。描述性结果显示，女性总体就业不足的情况比男性更严重。与非西班牙裔白人和亚裔相比，黑人和西班牙裔的失业率和工作贫困率更高，亚裔的职业错配率最高。移民的就业不足情况比本土出生的人更严重。亚裔在移民与本土出生者就业不足方面的差异最大，黑人的差异最小。多变量模型显示，在预测就业不足方面，少数族裔群体的影响比移民身份的影响更强。与非西班牙裔白人工人相比，不同少数族裔群体就业不足可能性的增加并不能完全由人力资本、人口统计学、行业和职业变量的预期影响来解释。
结论。少数族裔群体和移民身份的双重不利假设仅适用于技能与工作不匹配的亚裔男性和女性以及最有可能失业或处于工作贫困状态的亚裔女性。
Objective. This study documents the magnitude of four types of underemployment experienced by both native-born minority and ethnic immigrant male and Female workers in the United States and tests a "double disadvantage" economic outcome hypothesis that minority workers tend to be channeled into secondary sector jobs and that immigrant workers face initial disadvantages in labor force assimilation. Method. Data for men and women aged 25-64 who are in the labor force and not attending school were derived from the 1990 Census Bureau Public Use Microdata Sample. Multinomial logistic regression procedures were used to estimate the effect of minority group membership and immigrant status on the odds of unemployment, part-time employment, working poverty, and job mismatch, relative so adequate employment. Results. Descriptive results showed greater overall underemployment among females than males. Blacks and Hispanics had higher unemployment and working-poverty rates compared to non-Hispanic whites and Asians, with job mismatch highest among Asians. Immigrant underemployment was greater than that of the native-born. Asians posted the largess disparity in immigrant versus native-born underemployment, and blacks had the smallest. Multivariate models showed that minority group effects were stronger than immigrant status effects in predicting underemployment, Increased likelihood of underemployment across the different minority groups versus non-Hispanic white workers was nor fully accounted for by the expected influences of human-capital, demographic, industry, and occupational variables. Conclusion. The double disadvantage hypothesis of minority group and immigrant status is accepted only for Asian men and women with jobs mismatched to their skills and for Asian women, who are most likely to be unemployed or be among the working poor.