Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo): Past, Present, and Future
Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo): Past, Present, and Future
复制标题
进化发育生物学（Evo-Devo）：过去、现在和未来
DOI：
10.1007/s12052-012-0418-x
复制
发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
B. Hall
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Hall
进化发育生物学(EVO-DEVO)是生物学的一部分，研究单代胚胎发育的变化与世代间发生的进化变化之间的关系。查尔斯·达尔文主张发育(胚胎学)在理解进化中的重要性。然而，在1900年孟德尔的遗传学研究被发现后，发展和进化之间的任何关系要么被视为理解进化过程的无关紧要的关系，要么被视为难以看到的黑匣子。过去二十年的研究打开了这个黑匣子，揭示了在Evo-Devo中的研究如何突出了将基因(基因)与结构(表型)联系起来的机制。这一点至关重要，因为基因并不构成结构。发育过程使用基因提供的路线图来构建结构，但也使用许多其他信号--物理力量，如机械刺激、环境温度，以及与其他物种产生的化学产品的相互作用--通常是在完全不同的王国中的物种，如细菌与鱿鱼之间或叶子与幼虫之间的相互作用(Greene Science 243：643-666,1989)。基因不仅不构成结构(表型)，而且在胚胎发育过程中出现了新的特性和机制：基因在不同的细胞和位置受到不同的调控；相似细胞的聚集提供了组织和器官产生的细胞资源(模块)；不同分化的细胞的模块和群体相互作用，以沿着特定的轨迹设定发育；生物与环境相互作用，并在该环境中创造它们的生态位。这种相互作用通常被称为“表观遗传”，这意味着它们使用不在基因DNA中编码的机制来指导基因活动。本文回顾了EVO-DEVO的起源，该领域在过去30多年中发生了怎样的变化，评估了人们对未在DNA中编码的机制对发展和进化的重要性的认识，并评估了EVO-DEVO的未来可能会带来什么。虽然不可能知道，但历史告诉我们，我们可能会期待更多相同的东西；Evo-Devo扩展到生物学的其他领域(生态学、生理学、行为学)；Evo-Devo被进化吸收，或者是Evo-Devo在其中发挥主要作用的生物学的统一。
Evolutionary developmental biology (evo–devo) is that part of biology concerned with how changes in embryonic development during single generations relate to the evolutionary changes that occur between generations. Charles Darwin argued for the importance of development (embryology) in understanding evolution. After the discovery in 1900 of Mendel’s research on genetics, however, any relationship between development and evolution was either regarded as unimportant for understanding the process(es) of evolution or as a black box into which it was hard to see. Research over the past two decades has opened that black box, revealing how studies in evo–devo highlight the mechanisms that link genes (the genotype) with structures (the phenotype). This is vitally important because genes do not make structures. Developmental processes make structures using road maps provided by genes, but using many other signals as well—physical forces such as mechanical stimulation, temperature of the environment, and interaction with chemical products produced by other species—often species in entirely different kingdoms as in interactions between bacteria and squid or between leaves and larvae (Greene Science 243:643–666, 1989). Not only do genes not make structures (the phenotype), but new properties and mechanisms emerge during embryonic development: genes are regulated differentially in different cells and places; aggregations of similar cells provide the cellular resources (modules) from which tissues and organs arise; modules and populations of differently differentiated cells interact to set development along particular tracks; and organisms interact with their environment and create their niche in that environment. Such interactions are often termed “epigenetic,” meaning that they direct gene activity using mechanisms that are not encoded in the DNA of the genes. This paper reviews the origins of evo–devo, how the field has changed over the past 30 years, evaluates the recognition of the importance for development and evolution of mechanisms that are not encoded in DNA, and evaluates what the future might bring for evo–devo. Although impossible to know, history tells us that we might expect more of the same; expansion of evo–devo into other areas of biology (ecology, physiology, behavior); absorption of evo–devo by evolution or a unification of biology in which evo–devo plays a major role.