Neutron skins of atomic nuclei: per aspera ad astra

Neutron skins of atomic nuclei: per aspera ad astra
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原子核的中子皮:per aspera ad astra

DOI:
10.1088/1361-6471/ab2c6d
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发表时间:
2019
期刊:
Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
M. Vanderhaeghen
M. Vanderhaeghen
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
M. Thiel;C. Sfienti;J. Piekarewicz;C. J. Horowitz;M. Vanderhaeghen

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核力的复杂性产生了范围广泛、种类繁多的观测现象。虽然重核的质量比中子星小几个数量级,但它们都受到同样的基本物理原理的支配,这一原理体现在核状态方程中。重核预计会形成一个富含中子的表面,在那里许多中子聚集在表面附近。这种蒙皮的厚度对饱和密度附近对称能的密度依赖性非常敏感。重核中子皮厚度的精确和独立于模型的测定将为核对称能的密度依赖性提供重要的第一个约束。重原子核的中子皮厚度的测定在许多不同的物理领域具有深远的影响,如重离子碰撞、原子核极化电子和质子散射、使用原子宇称违反的标准模型的精确测试以及核天体物理学。虽然已经有系统的、协调一致的实验努力来测量重核的中子皮厚度,但一个精确的、与模型无关的测定仍然是难以捉摸的。对奇偶违反不对称的测量提供了一个清晰的、与模型无关的、由中子分布主导的核的弱形状因子的确定。然而,测量百万分之一量级的违反奇偶性的不对称性既具有挑战性又耗时。在最近的实验活动中,已经提出并成功地测量了对对称能敏感的其他可观测物。这些数据是有价值的,但解释包含隐含的模型依赖,阻碍了中子皮厚度的明确确定。如何在许多新设施投入使用的时候向前发展,以及如何加强与其他物理领域的协同作用是本次审查的主要目标。
The complex nature of the nuclear forces generates a broad range and diversity of observational phenomena. Heavy nuclei, though orders of magnitude less massive than neutron stars, are governed by the same underlying physics, which is enshrined in the nuclear equation of state. Heavy nuclei are expected to develop a neutron-rich skin where many neutrons collect near the surface. The thickness of this skin is strongly sensitive to the poorly-known density dependence of the symmetry energy near saturation density. An accurate and model-independent determination of the neutron-skin thickness of heavy nuclei would provide a significant first constraint on the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy. The determination of the neutron-skin thickness of heavy nuclei has far reaching consequences in many areas of physics as diverse as heavy-ion collisions, polarized electron and proton scattering off nuclei, precision tests of the standard model using atomic parity violation, and nuclear astrophysics. While a systematic and concerted experimental effort has been made to measure the neutron-skin thickness of heavy nuclei, a precise and model-independent determination remains elusive. The measurement of parity-violating asymmetries provides a clean and model-independent determination of the weak form factor of the nucleus which is dominated by the neutron distribution. However, measuring parity-violating asymmetries of the order of a part per million is both challenging and time-consuming. Alternative observables sensitive to the symmetry energy have been proposed and measured successfully in recent experimental campaigns. These data are valuable, but interpretations contain implicit model dependence that hinder the clean determination of the neutron-skin thickness. How to move forward at a time when many new facilities are being commissioned and how to strengthen the synergy with other areas of physics are primary goals of this review.
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