The mental cost of cognitive enhancement.
The mental cost of cognitive enhancement.
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DOI：
10.1523/jneurosci.4927-12.2013
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发表时间：
2013-03-06
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Cohen Kadosh R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Iuculano T;Cohen Kadosh R
非侵入性脑刺激（NIBS）为影响典型和非典型脑的脑功能提供了一种潜在的工具，并在某些情况下提供了药物干预的替代方案。一些研究表明，经颅电刺激（TES），NIBS的一种形式，也可以用来提高认知能力。重要的是，迄今为止的研究主要集中在优化有效刺激的方案，或评估TES的潜在身体副作用，而忽略了认知副作用的可能性。我们评估了这种可能性，针对高层次的认知能力的学习和自动化在数学领域。值得注意的是，学习和自动性代表了典型和非典型人群中潜在认知增强的关键能力。在6天内，健康的成年人在接受TES到后顶叶皮层（PPC）或背外侧前额叶皮层（DLPFC）的同时接受了关于新数字符号的认知训练。刺激的PPC促进数字学习，而自动化的学习材料受损。与此相反，刺激DLPFC损害的学习过程，而学习材料的自动性增强。所观察到的双重分离表明，通过TES的认知增强可以以牺牲其他认知功能为代价。这些发现对未来使用增强技术进行神经干预和改善健康人群的表现具有重要意义。
Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) provides a potential tool for affecting brain functions in the typical and atypical brain, and offers in several cases an alternative to pharmaceutical intervention. Some studies have suggested that transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), a form of NIBS, can also be used to enhance cognitive performance. Critically, research so far has primarily focused on optimizing protocols for effective stimulation, or assessing potential physical side effects of TES, while neglecting the possibility of cognitive side effects. We assessed this possibility by targeting the high-level cognitive abilities of learning and automaticity in the mathematical domain. Notably, learning and automaticity represent critical abilities for potential cognitive enhancement in typical and atypical populations. Over 6 days, healthy human adults underwent cognitive training on a new numerical notation while receiving TES to the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) or the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Stimulation to the PPC facilitated numerical learning, whereas automaticity for the learned material was impaired. In contrast, stimulation to the DLPFC impaired the learning process whereas automaticity for the learned material was enhanced. The observed double dissociation indicates that cognitive enhancement through TES can occur at the expense of other cognitive functions. These findings have important implications for the future use of enhancement technologies for neurointervention and performance improvement in healthy populations.