Virus-based nanomaterials as positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance contrast agents: from technology development to translational medicine.
Virus-based nanomaterials as positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance contrast agents: from technology development to translational medicine.
复制标题
基于病毒的纳米材料作为正电子发射断层扫描和磁共振造影剂：从技术开发到转化医学。
DOI：
10.1002/wnan.1335
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发表时间：
2015-09
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Steinmetz NF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Shukla S;Steinmetz NF
最近，病毒已经成为一种新型造影剂的理想蛋白质支架，这些造影剂可用于正电子发射断层扫描(PET)和磁共振成像(MRI)等医学成像程序。由于合成过程的内在随机性，合成纳米颗粒很难作为均质制剂生产，而基于病毒的纳米颗粒是遗传编码的，因此生产为均质和单分散制剂，具有高度的质量控制。由于病毒衣壳具有特定的化学结构，已进化为携带大量核酸，因此可以对其进行改造，以携带精确定义的造影剂，并在内表面或外表面装饰空间定义的造影剂。病毒纳米颗粒也可以通过基因编程或与靶向配体结合，将造影剂输送到特定细胞，而病毒的自然生物兼容性意味着它们可以迅速从体内清除。基于噬菌体和植物病毒的纳米颗粒在人类身上使用是安全的，并且可以廉价地大量生产，作为自组装重组蛋白。基于这些考虑，新一代造影剂已经被开发出来，使用噬菌体和植物病毒作为支架来携带发射正电子的放射性同位素，如用于PET成像的[18F]氟代脱氧葡萄糖和用于MRI的氧化铁或Gd3+。尽管免疫原性、载药效率和法规遵从性等方面的挑战仍有待解决，但基于病毒的纳米颗粒是一种很有前途的新技术，可以用于新一代高度生物兼容和可生物降解的靶向成像试剂。
Viruses have recently emerged as ideal protein scaffolds for a new class of contrast agents that can be used in medical imaging procedures such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Whereas synthetic nanoparticles are difficult to produce as homogeneous formulations due to the inherently stochastic nature of the synthesis process, virus-based nanoparticles are genetically encoded and are therefore produced as homogeneous and monodisperse preparations with a high degree of quality control. Because the virus capsids have a defined chemical structure that has evolved to carry cargoes of nucleic acids, they can be modified to carry precisely defined cargoes of contrast agents and can be decorated with spatially defined contrast reagents on the internal or external surfaces. Viral nanoparticles can also be genetically programed or conjugated with targeting ligands to deliver contrast agents to specific cells, and the natural biocompatibility of viruses means they are cleared rapidly from the body. Nanoparticles based on bacteriophages and plant viruses are safe for use in humans and can be produced inexpensively in large quantities as self-assembling recombinant proteins. Based on these considerations, a new generation of contrast agents has been developed using bacteriophages and plant viruses as scaffolds to carry positron-emitting radioisotopes such as [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose for PET imaging and iron oxide or Gd3+ for MRI. Although challenges such as immunogenicity, loading efficiency and regulatory compliance remain to be address, virus-based nanoparticles represent a promising new enabling technology for a new generation of highly biocompatible and biodegradable targeted imaging reagents.