Soft-matter characterization
Soft-matter characterization
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4020-4465-6
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Borsali;R. Pecora
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Borsali;R. Pecora
前言软物质（或软凝聚物质）是指一组体系，包括聚合物、胶体、两亲物、膜、胶束、乳液、树枝状聚合物、液晶、聚电解质及其混合物。软物质系统通常具有从一纳米到几百纳米的结构长度尺度，因此属于”纳米技术”的范畴。软物质的长度尺度通常以热能量级的相互作用为特征，因此相对较小的扰动可以引起它们的剧烈结构变化。在这种长距离尺度上的弛豫通常相对缓慢，使得在许多情况下，这样的系统可能不处于热平衡。软物质在工业和生物学中是重要的（油漆、表面活性剂、多孔介质、塑料、药物、陶瓷前体、纺织品、蛋白质、多糖、血液等）。许多这些系统以前都被归为一类，称为”复杂液体“。“如此多样化的领域必须是跨学科的。它包括，除其他外，凝聚态物理学家，合成和物理化学家，生物学家，医生和化学工程师。研究人员之间的沟通，这种异质的培训和解决问题的方法是必不可少的这一领域的进步。基础软物质研究的进展在很大程度上是由现有的实验技术驱动的。大部分的工作是在微观水平上理解它们，特别是在纳米尺度上，这使得软物质研究与纳米技术有很大的重叠。本卷详细讨论了许多常用的主要技术，以及目前研究和操纵软物质的一些技术。这些文章旨在为跨学科的观众（研究生及以上）提供访问，他们正在或将要从事软物质研究，或者希望在这个迷人的领域中查看一些研究方法的其他学科。这些书有广泛的讨论散射技术（光，中子和X射线）和相关的波动和光栅技术，在软物质研究的前沿。大多数散射技术是傅立叶空间技术。除了电子显微镜在软物质研究中的增强和广泛应用，以及荧光成像的巨大进步外，近年来还出现了一类称为扫描探针显微镜的强大的新成像方法。原子力显微镜是这些方法中使用最广泛的一种。此外，可用于在纳米尺度上操纵软物质的技术也在快速发展。这些包括上述扫描探针显微镜以及利用光学和磁性镊子的方法。这些文章涵盖了许多这些技术的基本理论和实践，并讨论了一些重要的软物质系统的应用。当然，对技术和系统的全面深入报道在如此庞大和多样化的领域是不切实际的，我们向那些使用技术和在未包括在内的领域工作的人道歉。软物质研究，像大多数现代科学工作一样，是一项国际性的奋进。来自9个不同州的实验室的该领域领导人对这些卷的贡献反映了这一点。对该领域国际风味的一个重要贡献尤其来自X射线和中子实验，这些实验通常涉及使用一些跨国的大型设施。
Preface Soft matter (or soft condensed matter) refers to a group of systems that includes polymers, colloids, amphiphiles, membranes, micelles, emulsions, dendrimers, liquid crystals, polyelectrolytes, and their mixtures. Soft matter systems usually have structural length scales in the region from a nanometer to several hundred nanometers and thus fall within the domain of" nanotechnology". The soft matter length scales are often characterized by interactions that are of the order of thermal energies so that relatively small perturbations can cause dramatic structural changes in them. Relaxation on such long distance scales is often relatively slow so that such systems may, in many cases, not be in thermal equilibrium. Soft matter is important industrially and in biology (paints, surfactants, porous media, plastics, pharmaceuticals, ceramic precursors, textiles, proteins, polysaccharides, blood, etc.). Many of these systems have formerly been grouped together under the more foreboding term" complex liquids." A field this diverse must be interdisciplinary. It includes, among others, condensed matter physicists, synthetic and physical chemists, biologists, medical doctors, and chemical engineers. Communication among researchers with such heterogeneous training and approaches to problem solving is essential for the advancement of this field. Progress in basic soft matter research is driven largely by the experimental techniques available. Much of the work is concerned with understanding them at the microscopic level, especially at the nanometer length scales that give soft matter studies a wide overlap with nanotechnology. This volume presents detailed discussions of many of the major techniques commonly used as well as some of those in current development for studying and manipulating soft matter. The articles are intended to be accessible to the interdisciplinary audience (at the graduate student level and above) that is or will be engaged in soft matter studies or those in other disciplines who wish to view some of the research methods in this fascinating field. The books have extensive discussions of scattering techniques (light, neutron and X-ray) and related fluctuation and optical grating techniques that are at the forefront of soft matter research. Most of the scattering techniques are Fourier space techniques. In addition to the enhancement and widespread use in soft matter research of electron microscopy, and the dramatic advances in fluorescence imaging, recent years have seen the development of a class of powerful new imaging methods known as scanning probe microscopies. Atomic force microscopy is one of the most widely used of these methods. In addition, techniques that can be used to manipulate soft matter on the nanometer scale are also in rapid development. These include the above-mentioned scanning probe microscopies as well as methods utilizing optical and magnetic tweezers. The articles cover the fundamental theory and practice of many of these techniques and discuss applications to some important soft matter systems. Complete in–depth coverage of techniques and systems would, of course, not be practical in such an enormous and diverse field and we apologize to those working with techniques and in areas that are not included. Soft matter research is, like most modern scientific work, an international endeavor. This is reflected by the contributions to these volumes by leaders in the field from laboratories in nine different counties. An important contribution to the international flavor of the field comes, in particular, from x-ray and neutron experiments that commonly involve the use of a few large facilities that are multinational in …