Generating best management practices for Avian conservation with a land-sparing agricultural system
Generating best management practices for Avian conservation with a land-sparing agricultural system
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通过节约土地的农业系统制定鸟类保护的最佳管理实践
作者：
Jeffrey D. Ritterson;David I. King;Raul Raudales;R. Trubey;R. Chandler
在这里，我们提供了土地节约生产系统的应用指导，旨在保护依赖森林的野生动物在咖啡种植区，那里的环境条件排除了土地共享战略种植咖啡的可能性。在综合露天树冠(“IOC”)咖啡系统中，种植咖啡的遮荫树可由农民自行决定取消，以控制叶锈病的爆发并增加产量，同时保护与咖啡面积相等或更大的邻近林地。农民通过出售碳信用来补偿保护森林的机会成本，以及森林斑块提供的生态系统服务，其形式分别是与森林相关的蜜蜂和鸟类增加授粉和病虫害防治。之前的研究表明，国际奥委会农场支持依赖森林的鸟类，这在树荫咖啡农场中找不到。为了确定IOC森林特征是否存在降低IOC农场保护价值的阈值，我们在2012年对IOC农场和哥斯达黎加其他森林斑块内的鸟类群落进行了点数调查。我们检测到113种鸟类，其中49种被归类为森林依赖型鸟类。切点回归得到的森林面积为2.6公顷，断面积为25.2平方米/公顷，低于这一面积，鸟类保护价值下降。这些价值观可以作为建立政府间海洋学委员会农场的最佳管理做法的基础，为咖啡生产者提供在土地共享种植不切实际的地区保护生物多样性的机会。
Here we provide guidance for the application of a land sparing production system designed to conserve forest-dependent wildlife in coffee growing regions where environmental conditions preclude coffee cultivation with a land-sharing strategy. In an Integrated Open Canopy (“IOC”) coffee system, shade trees planted with coffee may be eliminated at the discretion of the farmer to control outbreaks of leaf rust and increase yields, while an adjacent forest patch of equal or greater area than coffee is conserved. Farmers are compensated for the opportunity costs of conserving forest by the sale of carbon credits, as well as ecosystem services provided by forest patches in the form of increased pollination and pest control by forest-associated bees and birds, respectively. Previous studies have shown IOC farms support forest-dependent birds not found in shade coffee farms. To determine whether there are threshold values of IOC forest characteristics below which the conservation value of IOC farms decreases, we surveyed bird communities with point counts within IOC farms and other forest patches in Costa Rica during 2012. We detected 113 bird species, of which 49 were classified as forest-dependent. Cutpoint regression identified an area of 2.6 ha of forest, and a basal area of 25.2 m2/ha of forest, below which bird conservation value diminished. These values can serve as the foundation of best management practices for the establishment of IOC farms to afford opportunities for coffee producers to conserve biodiversity in regions where land sharing cultivation is impractical.