OBSERVING AND CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT
OBSERVING AND CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT
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DOI：
10.1017/s0140525x00017969
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发表时间：
1983-01-01
影响因子：
29.3
通讯作者：
DINSMOOR, JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
DINSMOOR, JA
当实验者要求他们的受试者执行一些容易记录的反应以获得辨别性刺激但不允许这种行为改变强化时间表时，通过类比，该反应被分类为“观察”反应。观察反应不仅用于分析歧视学习，还用于证实条件强化的概念并测量服务于其他行为功能的刺激的强化效果。然而，争论的焦点是一个令人费解的问题：当产生的刺激与初级强化频率的增加无关时，如何维持观察。提出了两种可能的答案：（a）对这些刺激作为条件刺激的不同准备反应使得无条件刺激的接收和不接收都更加强化； (b) 有关具有生物学意义的事件的信息本质上具有强化作用。然而，与不太理想的结果相关的刺激似乎并没有得到加强。观察的维持可以与传统理论相一致，即如果认识到主体对其观察的内容是有选择性的，并且获得与更理想的结果相关的更大比例的刺激，则增强特性的获得按照与巴甫洛夫条件反射相同的规则进行。作为这种选择的结果，主要强化的总体频率在存在观察到的刺激的情况下增加，而在存在当受试者不观察时普遍存在的无差别刺激的情况下下降。
When experimenters require their subjects to perform some readily recorded response to gain access to discriminative stimuli but do not permit this behavior to alter the schedule of reinforcement, the response is classified, by analogy, as an “observing” response. Observing responses have been used not only to analyze discrimination learning but also to substantiate the concept of conditioned reinforcement and to measure the reinforcing effect of stimuli serving other behavioral functions. A controversy, however, centers around the puzzling question of how observing can be sustained when the resulting stimuli are not associated with any increase in the frequency of primary reinforcement. Two possible answers have been advanced: (a) that differential preparatory responses to these stimuli as conditional stimuli make both the receipt and the nonreceipt of unconditional stimuli more reinforcing; and (b) that information concerning biologically significant events is inherently reinforcing. It appears, however, that the stimulus associated with the less desirable outcome is not reinforcing. The maintenance of observing can be reconciled with the traditional theory that the acquisition of reinforcing properties proceeds according to the same rules as those for Pavlovian conditioning if it is recognized that the subject is selective in what it observes and procures a greater than proportionate exposure to the stimulus associated with the more desirable outcome. As a result of this selection, the overall frequency of primary reinforcement increases in the presence of the observed stimuli and declines in the presence of the nondifferential stimuli that prevail when the subject is not observing.