Human Performance Consequences of Stages and Levels of Automation An Integrated Meta-Analysis
Human Performance Consequences of Stages and Levels of Automation An Integrated Meta-Analysis
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DOI：
10.1177/0018720813501549
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发表时间：
2014-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Manzey, Dietrich
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Onnasch, Linda;Wickens, Christopher D.;Manzey, Dietrich
目的：我们研究了自动化引起的人类绩效后果如何取决于自动化程度（DOA）。背景：人类和自动化之间的功能分配可以用 Parasuraman、Sheridan 和 Wickens 提出的阶段和级别分类法来表示。更高的 DOA 是在后期阶段和阶段内更高级别中实现的。方法：基于 18 个实验数据的荟萃分析考察了 DOA 对常规系统性能、自动化失败时的性能、工作负载和态势感知（SA）的中介作用。 DOA 对这些措施的影响按统计显着性水平进行总结。结果：我们发现 (a) 随着 DOA 的增加，常规系统性能明显受益于自动化；(b) 当自动化正常运行时，工作负载的模式类似但较弱；(c) 较高的 DOA 对故障系统性能和 SA 产生负面影响。最有趣的是发现，当 DOA 跨越关键边界时，自动化的负面后果似乎最有可能发生，该边界是在支持信息分析的自动化和支持行动选择的自动化之间确定的。结论：结果支持所提出的关于 DOA 的成本效益权衡。似乎一方面是日常表现和工作量，另一方面是 SA 和手工技能的潜在损失，直接权衡，适当的职能分配只能服务于两个方面之一。 应用：通过定量组合来自不同领域的各种研究的数据，研究结果为充分的职能分配的研究主体做出了贡献。
Objective:We investigated how automation-induced human performance consequences depended on the degree of automation (DOA).Background:Function allocation between human and automation can be represented in terms of the stages and levels taxonomy proposed by Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens. Higher DOAs are achieved both by later stages and higher levels within stages.Method:A meta-analysis based on data of 18 experiments examines the mediating effects of DOA on routine system performance, performance when the automation fails, workload, and situation awareness (SA). The effects of DOA on these measures are summarized by level of statistical significance.Results:We found (a) a clear automation benefit for routine system performance with increasing DOA, (b) a similar but weaker pattern for workload when automation functioned properly, and (c) a negative impact of higher DOA on failure system performance and SA. Most interesting was the finding that negative consequences of automation seem to be most likely when DOA moved across a critical boundary, which was identified between automation supporting information analysis and automation supporting action selection.Conclusion:Results support the proposed cost-benefit trade-off with regard to DOA. It seems that routine performance and workload on one hand, and the potential loss of SA and manual skills on the other hand, directly trade off and that appropriate function allocation can serve only one of the two aspects.Application:Findings contribute to the body of research on adequate function allocation by providing an overall picture through quantitatively combining data from a variety of studies across varying domains.