Adaptive Genetic Variation in the Wild
Adaptive Genetic Variation in the Wild
复制标题
野外适应性遗传变异
作者：
P. Brakefield
我满怀期待地打开了这本书。它的标题看起来非常及时，此外，三位共同编辑的声誉只会提高人们的期望。正如约翰·恩德勒（John Endler）在他早期的一本书中令人信服地指出的那样，自然选择有许多证据，但真正吸引人的问题是理解为什么在表型和基因型之间出现繁殖成功的死亡率的生物学原因。这种背景，结合新兴的能力，探索遗传变异的生态重要性状，似乎确保了广泛和实质性的影响，这卷。我当然很喜欢并从这本书的所有章节中学到了很多东西，尽管程度或大或小。我相信这将适用于所有读者。我认为这本书也说明了在理解表型之间的差异性方面，该领域已经走了多远。然而，我希望看到它至少触及了追踪整个进化过程的令人兴奋的潜力，从遗传变异到发育，再到进化相关的表型变异，再到野生环境中的死亡率。也许这并不是编辑们的想法，尽管对适应性进化的任何完全令人满意的和可靠的理解不仅涉及对遗传变异和表型间生殖成功的相关差异的描述，而且还涉及表型变异的发育起源。这种研究目前还很缺乏。然而，在这方面，我希望看到一些重新审视的案例研究，在早期的书籍生态遗传学。我特别想到的是昆虫的杀虫剂抗性和植物的重金属耐受性，其中基于实验室的研究在生物组织的各个层面都提供了知识的进步。也许这些例子还不够疯狂。对于不直接从事自然选择研究的生物学家来说，这本书中的案例研究似乎对不同的生物有很大的偏见。首先，缺乏对植物的许多研究是惊人的。植物，或者更确切地说是植物，只在苏珊·梅泽和丹尼尔米德的一章中起了中心作用。它们在几个章节中扮演了更外围的角色，特别是苏珊·莫珀（Susan Mopper）、凯利·朗道（Keli Landau）和彼得·货车·赞特（Peter Van Zandt）关于昆虫与植物之间相互作用的精彩描述，他们对单个橡树上的潜叶蝇种群进行了深入研究。微生物和无性生物在这本书中根本没有出现。这可能更真实地反映了这样一种情况，即尽管目前有许多研究正在进行，但很少有更全面的报道（但抗生素耐药性和粘液瘤病让人想到）。这本书的封面插图准确地反映了它对几组脊椎动物以及一些昆虫和寄生植物的报道。这也许更多的是对这本书的评论，而不是对本书的评论。许多章节涵盖了遗传变异的模式和自然选择如何影响表型变异的问题。然而，他们确实倾向于集中在一个或其他主题上。遗传方向是由优秀的评论代表什么是已知的遗传变异的许多生态重要性状在加拉帕戈斯和非洲nches（彼得和迷迭香格兰特;托马斯史密斯和德里克吉尔曼），并在蟋蟀（蒂莫西穆索）。阿里·霍曼（Ary Homann）的另一章提供了一个有用的综合性状，或性状类别，在果蝇中，可以在田间和实验室中获得的遗传力估计之间进行比较。对我来说，最令人兴奋的章节之一是从遗传学的角度展示了如何通过使用分子标记来推断个体之间的相关性模式，从而开辟了估计自然群体遗传差异的新方法。虽然Kermit Ritland只有有限数量的实证研究可供借鉴，但在许多情况下都是由他自己的努力主导的，他无疑展示了这种方法的潜在力量。在自然选择过程中相互作用的复杂性是一个反复出现的主题，在更多的表型视角的章节中。Ruedi Nager，Lukas Keller和Arie货车Noordwijk展示了大山雀的繁殖时间，表型可塑性和食物可用性的环境变异性如何以复杂的方式联系在一起。对大山雀的研究继续以一种深思熟虑且有益的方式利用操纵性实验。然而，这种令人兴奋的方法对于理解为什么成功繁殖中出现死亡的力量可能是艾德在巴里·辛内沃关于侧斑蜥蜴的章节中最好的例证。操纵这些蜥蜴卵子大小和蛋黄储备的技术的发展，如《科学》杂志一张美丽而引人注目的封面照片所示（Sinervo等人，1992年），显然在开放相关的生活史特征之间的选择性相互作用的复杂性方面付出了巨大的红利。以所谓的营养多态性形式存在的表型可塑性，是贝伦·罗宾逊和多尔夫·施卢特描述的在北方冰后期河流和湖泊中栖息的希氏动物进化出的壮观的分化模式的核心。这本书是四舍五入的尝试，在综合和购物清单从约翰恩德勒。我读了两遍，部分原因是有太多的想法需要消化。我认为没有人会反对恩德勒强调理解不同性状的选择是如何相互作用的，以及遗传相关性是如何产生和维持的。我想重申的是，潜力是开放的，以一个机械的理解发展过程的基础上，遗传相关性到这张照片，以充分联系遗传遗传86（2001）638±640
I opened this book with high anticipation. Its title appeared very timely and, moreover, the reputation of the three co-editors only heightened expectation. As John Endler had argued persuasively in an earlier book, there are many demonstrations of natural selection but the really fascinating issues involve understanding the biological reasons why dierences in reproductive success occur among phenotypes and genotypes. This background, combined with the burgeoning ability to explore genetic variation for ecologically important traits, seemed to ensure a wide and substantial impact for this volume. I certainly enjoyed and learnt a lot from all the chapters in this book, albeit to a lesser or greater degree. I am con®dent this would apply to all readers. I think the book also illustrates how far the ®eld has come in ful®lling the scope for understanding dierences in ®tness among phenotypes. However, I would like to have seen it at least touch on the exciting potential for tracing the whole evolutionary process from genetic variation through development to evolutionary relevant phenotypic variation, through to dierences in ®tness in the wild. Perhaps this was not in the mind of the editors, although any fully satisfying and robust understanding of adaptive evolution will involve not only descriptions of genetic variation and associated dierences in reproductive success among phenotypes, but also the developmental origins of the phenotypic variation. Such studies are scarce at present. However, in this connection, I would like to have seen some revisiting of case studies in earlier books on ecological genetics. I am thinking especially of insecticide resistance in insects and heavy metal tolerance in plants where both ®eldand laboratory-based studies have provided advances in knowledge at every level of biological organisation. Perhaps these examples are not wild enough. To biologists not directly engaged in research on natural selection, the case studies in this book would appear to have a highly biased coverage of dierent organisms. Firstly, the lack of many studies on plants is striking. Plants, or rather ̄owers, only take the central role in one chapter, by Susan Mazer and Daniel Meade. They play a more peripheral role in several chapters, particularly the fascinating account of Susan Mopper, Keli Landau and Peter Van Zandt on insect±plant interactions using intensive studies of leafminer populations on individual oak trees. Microbes and asexual organisms are not represented at all in this book. This may more genuinely re ̄ect the situation that although there are many eorts currently underway, there are few more rounded accounts (but antibiotic resistance and myxomatosis spring to mind). The jacket illustration to this book accurately re ̄ects its coverage of several groups of vertebrates together with a few insects and ̄owering plants. This is perhaps more a commentary of the ®eld rather than of the book. Many chapters cover both patterns of genetic variation and issues of how natural selection in ̄uences phenotypic variation. However, they do tend to concentrate on one or other topics. The genetic direction is represented by excellent reviews of what is known about the inheritance of variation in many ecologically important traits in both Galapagos and African ®nches (Peter and Rosemary Grant; Thomas Smith and Derek Girman), and in crickets (Timothy Mousseau). An additional chapter by Ary Homann provides a useful synthesis of traits, or classes of traits, in Drosophila, where comparisons can be made between estimates of heritabilities derived in the ®eld and in the laboratory. For me, one of the most exciting chapters that takes a genetic perspective shows how novel ways of estimating genetic variances in natural populations are opening up through the use of molecular markers to infer patterns of relatedness among individuals. Although Kermit Ritland has only a limited number of empirical studies to draw on, in many cases led by his own eorts, he certainly demonstrates the potential power of this approach. The complexity of interacting in ̄uences of natural selection is a recurring theme in the chapters with a more phenotypic perspective. Ruedi Nager, Lukas Keller and Arie van Noordwijk show how in great tits the timing of breeding, phenotypic plasticity and environmental variability in food availability are linked together in a complex manner. The study of great tits continues to utilize manipulative experiments in a thoughtful and rewarding way. However, the power of this exciting approach to understanding why dierences in reproductive success arise is perhaps best exempli®ed in the chapter by Barry Sinervo on side-blotched lizards. Development of techniques to manipulate egg size and yolk reserves in these lizards, as illustrated in a beautiful and striking cover photograph in Science (Sinervo et al., 1992), has clearly paid great dividends in opening up the complexity of selective interactions among the associated life-history traits. Phenotypic plasticity in the form of so-called trophic polymorphisms is central to Beren Robinson and Dolph Schluter's description of the patterns of spectacular divergence which have evolved in ®shes inhabiting the northern post-glacial rivers and lakes. The book is rounded o by an attempt at both synthesis and a shopping list from John Endler. I read this twice, partly because there were so many ideas to digest. I don't think anyone could quarrel with Endler's emphasis on understanding how selection on dierent traits interacts and on how genetic correlations arise and are maintained. I would reiterate that the potential is opening up to ®t a mechanistic understanding of the developmental processes that underlie the genetic correlations into this picture, to fully link the genetic Heredity 86 (2001) 638±640