The Policy Process
The Policy Process
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政策流程
DOI：
10.1007/978-1-349-18741-6_5
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发表时间：
1987
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
G. Schöpflin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. White;John Gardner;G. Schöpflin
直到最近，人们才普遍认为共产主义国家拥有任何可以恰当地称为“政策过程”的东西。人们认为，执政的共产党只是发布决定，然后将决定交给各个下属官僚机构--政府的、社会的、文化的和经济的--来执行。党的决定在所有这类问题上都具有约束力，它们被认为反映了意识形态或权力政治在领导层内部的影响，而不是像西方国家那样，反映了领导层之外的个人或团体的影响，也反映了负责执行领导层决定的政策的机构的影响。毕竟，这些机构的工作人员都是共产党员，通常是根据相关党委的建议，而且也不乏制裁措施，从秘密警察到失去工作的威胁，以确保他们遵守党的指示。此外，政策被认为是相对简单的，压倒一切的优先事项是尽可能高的经济增长率，特别是重工业。这显然接近于那些坚持极权主义方法的人所持有的共产主义政治观点，强调党的统治。
Until relatively recently it was not generally believed that the communist states possessed anything that could properly be called a ‘policy process’. The ruling communist parties, it was believed, simply issued decisions which were then handed over for implementation to the various subordinate bureaucracies — governmental, social and cultured, and economic. Party decisions were binding in all matters of this kind, and they were held to reflect the influence of ideology or of power politics within the leadership, but not, as in a Western country, of individuals or groups outside the leadership or of the institutions responsible for implementing the policies on which the leadership had decided. These institutions, after all, were staffed by communist party members, usually on the advice of the relevant party committee, and there was no shortage of sanctions, from the secret police to the threat of loss of employment, to make sure that they complied with the party’s directives. Policies, moreover, were believed to be relatively simple, the overriding priority being the highest possible rate of economic growth and more particularly of heavy industry. This was clearly close to the view of communist politics held by those who adhered to the totalitarian approach, with its emphasis on party dominance.