Three‐dimensional anatomy of the Tully monster casts doubt on its presumed vertebrate affinities

Three‐dimensional anatomy of the Tully monster casts doubt on its presumed vertebrate affinities
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塔利怪物的三维解剖学对其假定的脊椎动物亲缘关系提出了质疑

DOI:
10.1111/pala.12646
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发表时间:
2023
期刊:
影响因子:
2.6
通讯作者:
Iwasaki Wataru
Iwasaki Wataru
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Mikami Tomoyuki;Ikeda Takafumi;Muramiya Yusuke;Hirasawa Tatsuya;Iwasaki Wataru

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Tullimonstrum gregarium,也被称为塔利怪物,是一个著名的系统发育之谜,其化石仅在Mazon Creek Lagerstätte发现。自1966年发现以来,Tullimonstrum的亲缘关系一直存在争议,因为它的眼睛和长鼻的特殊形态无法与任何已知的动物形态类型进行比较。近年来,Tullimonstrum是一种脊椎动物的可能性引起了人们的广泛关注,并推测Tullimonstrum可能填补了早期脊椎动物化石记录的空白,为脊椎动物进化史提供了重要的见解。为了解决这一争论,我们使用高分辨率激光3D扫描仪收集了153个Tullimonstrum标本的3D表面数据,并对喙中的探针进行了X射线微计算机断层扫描(μCT)分析。我们对由此产生的全面3D形态数据集的调查显示,以前被认为是肌节,三叶脑,顶盖软骨和鳍条的结构与脊椎动物的结构不具有可比性。这些结果进一步质疑了它与脊椎动物的亲缘关系,并表明Tullimonstrum可能是一种非脊椎脊索动物或原口动物。
Tullimonstrum gregarium, also known as the Tully monster, is a well‐known phylogenetic enigma, fossils of which have been found only in the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte. The affinities ofTullimonstrumhave been debated since its discovery in 1966, because its peculiar morphology with stalked eyes and a proboscis cannot easily be compared with any known animal morphotypes. Recently, the possibility thatTullimonstrumwas a vertebrate has attracted much attention, and it has been postulated thatTullimonstrummight fill a gap in the fossil record of early vertebrates, providing important insights into vertebrate evolutionary history. With the hope of resolving this debate, we collected 3D surface data from 153 specimens ofTullimonstrumusing a high‐resolution laser 3D scanner and conducted x‐ray micro‐computed tomographic (μCT) analysis of stylets in the proboscis. Our investigation of the resulting comprehensive 3D morphological dataset revealed that structures previously regarded as myomeres, tri‐lobed brain, tectal cartilages and fin rays are not comparable with those of vertebrates. These results raise further doubts about its vertebrate affinities, and suggest thatTullimonstrummay have been either a non‐vertebrate chordate or a protostome.
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