Friendship and trust as moral ideals: an historical approach
Friendship and trust as moral ideals: an historical approach
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友谊和信任作为道德理想：历史方法
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发表时间：
1989
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Silver
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Silver
友谊的理想表达了人类交往中某些“最崇高”的潜力，这并不是现代社会所特有的。但是，友谊的理想与主导更大社会的交往形式如此背道而驰，这是我们这个时代的特色。明确的契约、理性的交换、正式的劳动分工和非人格化的制度定义了伟大的社会;反过来，它们也定义了那些构成友谊的理想，这些理想在道德上得到了最好的理解。特别是在西方社会的城市核心，尤其是受教育程度较高的阶层，友谊被认为是高质量的，以至于它们颠覆了更大社会的方式。在这种理想中，友谊是自愿的，非专业的，非正式的和私人的。它们建立在开放式的承诺基础上，没有明确的终止条款与合同关系不同，事先规定合法终止友谊的条件不能构成友谊。在这样一种理想中，如果朋友之间的交换条件受到有意识或严格的监控，友谊的道德品质就会降低，因为这意味着从友谊中获得的效用是构成性的，就像在市场关系中一样，而不是作为个人意图和承诺的表达而受到重视。
It is not peculiar to modern society that ideals of friendship express some of the ‘noblest’ potentials of human association. But an ideal of friendship so contrary to the forms of association that dominate the larger society is distinctive to our times. Explicit contract, rational exchange, formal division of labor, and impersonal institutions define the Great Society; by inversion, they also define those ideals constituting friendship understood at its morally best. Especially in the urban core of Western society, particularly its more educated sectors, friendships are judged of high quality to the extent that they invert the ways of the larger society. In this ideal, friendships are voluntary, unspecialized, informal and private. They are grounded in open-ended commitments without explicit provision for their termination—unlike contractual relations, prior stipulation of the conditions that legitimately end a friendship cannot be constitutive of friendship. In such an ideal, friendships are diminished in moral quality if terms of exchange between friends are consciously or scrupulously monitored, for this implies that utilities derived from friendships are constitutive, as in market relations, rather than valued as expressions of personal intentions and commitments.