Introduction to a Special Section: Angling for Dinosaurs-Status and Future Study of the Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Ancient Fishes
Introduction to a Special Section: Angling for Dinosaurs-Status and Future Study of the Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Ancient Fishes
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专题介绍：钓鱼恐龙——古代鱼类生态、保护和管理的现状和未来研究
DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
J. Stein
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. David;S. M. King;J. Stein
加尔斯（Lepisosteidae）和Bowfins（Amiidae），统称为全骨鱼，是一个古老的鱼类谱系的成员，可以追溯到2亿多年前。Holosteans已经超过了恐龙，但目前面临着重大的人类威胁。由于全骨鱼被认为缺乏价值，它们的非典型形态与传统的猎用鱼相比（例如，由于对它们的认识不清（例如，大口黑鲈（Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides）和黄鲈（Yellow Perca flavescens）），以及误以为它们会损害宝贵的体育渔业，人类历史上一直试图从水生栖息地中根除加尔斯和弓鳍鱼（Scarnecchia 1992）。在它们的大部分原生范围内，加尔斯和弓鳍鱼经常被认为是“垃圾鱼”或“有毒物种”，与入侵的鲤鱼一样受到蔑视。渔业管理人员也持有这种看法;在一些州，在捕获后将加尔斯放回水中是非法的（Scarnecchia 1992）。因此，由于栖息地丧失、过度捕捞和清除努力，许多全骨鱼类种群数量下降（Scarnecchia 1992; Kluender et al. 2016）。作为一个极端的例子，短吻鳄（Alligator Gar）抹刀已经从其历史悠久的北方大部分地区灭绝（托马斯和希尔萨贝克2011）。幸运的是，随着新的研究和垂钓者重新燃起的兴趣，人们对这些被误解的鱼的看法正在发生变化。例如，德克萨斯州的加尔捕鱼指南接待了来自世界各地的垂钓者，他们正在寻找机会捕捉（并释放）200磅（91公斤）的巨型短吻鳄加尔斯。在2016年，科学家发现斑点雀鳝的基因组可以弥合人类和硬骨鱼生物医学模型之间的差距，提高我们对发育和疾病的理解（Braasch et al. 2016; Parichy 2016）。恢复工作也在进行中;为了恢复几十年前失去的东西，伊利诺伊州自然资源部正在将短吻鳄重新引入伊利诺伊州的几条河流，以增加生物多样性并创造一个奖杯运动渔业（伊利诺伊州自然资源部2016）。然而，对全骨类物种的基本生物学和生活史的了解是有限的（Binion et al. 2015;大卫et al. 2015; Smylie et al. 2015）。关于全骨鱼类种群的生命率（生长、死亡和扩散）的信息远远落后于大多数其他渔业，对幼鱼的行为和栖息地知之甚少（所罗门等人，2013年）。我们才刚刚开始了解，像短吻鳄这样的物种可能不会每年产卵，而像斑点鳄这样的物种可能每年产卵不止一次。随着垂钓者对这些古老物种的概念开始从“粗糙的鱼”转变为“运动的鱼”，更好地了解全脊椎动物种群的生态和保护状况将是有效管理的基础。2016年，在密苏里州堪萨斯城举行的美国渔业协会第146届年会上，渔业科学家和管理人员聚集在一起，参加一个专题讨论会，重点讨论全脊椎鱼类的生态、保护和管理。研讨会为科学家和管理人员提供了机会，讨论过去和目前的研究生活史，遗传学，进化，采样方法，种群动态，杂交，水产养殖和人类层面的全片。演讲和小组讨论提供了宝贵的信息，
Gars (Lepisosteidae) and Bowfins (Amiidae), collectively known as holosteans, are members of an ancient lineage of fish dating back over 200 million years. Holosteans have outlasted the dinosaurs but presently face significant anthropogenic threats. Due to holosteans’ perceived lack of value, their atypical morphology compared with traditional game fishes (e.g., Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides and Yellow Perch Perca flavescens), and misconceptions that they harm valuable sport fisheries, humans have historically sought to eradicate gars and bowfins from aquatic habitats (Scarnecchia 1992). Throughout much of their native range, gars and bowfins are often considered “trash fish” or “noxious species,” commanding the same level of disdain as invasive carps. This perception has been held by fisheries managers as well; it was historically illegal in several states to return gars to the water alive after they had been caught (Scarnecchia 1992). As a result, many holostean populations have declined due to habitat loss, overfishing, and removal efforts (Scarnecchia 1992; Kluender et al. 2016). As an extreme example, the Alligator Gar Atractosteus spatula has been extirpated from most of its historic northern range (Thomas and Hilsabeck 2011). Fortunately, perceptions of gars and bowfins are changing as new research and renewed interest from anglers are fostering a more positive image of these misunderstood fishes. For example, gar fishing guides in Texas host anglers from all over the world who are seeking the opportunity to catch (and release) giant 200-lb (91 kg) Alligator Gars. In 2016, scientists discovered that the genome of the Spotted Gar Lepisosteus oculatus can bridge a gap between human and teleost biomedical models, improving our understanding of development and disease (Braasch et al. 2016; Parichy 2016). Restoration efforts are also under way; in an attempt to recover what was lost decades ago, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources is reintroducing the Alligator Gar to several Illinois rivers to increase biodiversity and create a trophy sport fishery (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 2016). Knowledge of the basic biology and life history of holostean species is limited, however (Binion et al. 2015; David et al. 2015; Smylie et al. 2015). Information on the vital rates (growth, mortality, and dispersal) of holostean populations lags far behind that for most other fisheries, and little is known about the behavior and habitats of juvenile holosteans (Solomon et al. 2013). We are only beginning to understand that species such as the Alligator Gar likely do not spawn every year while others like the Spotted Gar may be capable of spawning more than once annually. As anglers’ conception of these ancient species begins to change from “rough fish” to “sport fish,” better understanding of the ecology and conservation status of holostean populations will be fundamental to effective management. At the 146th Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society in Kansas City, Missouri, in 2016, fisheries scientists and managers gathered for a symposium focused on the ecology, conservation, and management of holostean fishes. The symposium provided the opportunity for scientists and managers to discuss past and current research on the life history, genetics, evolution, sampling methodologies, population dynamics, hybridization, aquaculture, and human dimensions of holosteans. The presentations and panel discussions provided valuable information, furthering our