Effect of spontaneous electrical activity on the developing cortex
Effect of spontaneous electrical activity on the developing cortex
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自发电活动对发育中的皮层的影响
DOI：
10.1111/ped.14407
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Kidokoro Hiroyuki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
三浦 大;鮎澤 衛;伊藤 秀一;池田 俊也;金井 貴志;小林 徹;鈴木 啓之;濱田 洋通;深澤 隆治;山村 健一郎;宮田 功一;横山 詩子;市田 蕗子;寺井 勝;三谷 義英;Kidokoro Hiroyuki
人类大脑的早期发育涉及一系列复杂的、时空有序的过程。主要事件包括（i）原发性神经形成，（ii）前脑发育，（iii）神经元增殖，（iv）神经元迁移，（v）组织事件和（vi）髓鞘形成事件。[1]对每一个事件的了解有助于我们理解许多脑部疾病，包括脊柱裂、前脑无裂畸形、小头畸形和无脑畸形。组织活动尤其重要，因为它们建立了复杂的大脑回路。最近的证据表明，许多精神和神经发育障碍，包括自闭症，癫痫和精神分裂症，可能与改变组织事件。[2] Luhmann et al.[3]在本期杂志上发表的简短综述讨论了啮齿动物和人类大脑皮层发育的解剖学、生理学和病理生理学，重点关注组织事件的电生理学。首先，作者简要回顾了哺乳动物皮层的特征性结构的解剖学发展，其中包括神经发生、神经元迁移、细胞凋亡、突触发生和髓鞘形成。他们提到了Cajal-Retzius和subplate神经元，这对新皮层发育很重要。前者位于边缘区，控制放射状神经元迁移，后者位于第6层和白色物质之间，对早期神经元回路和柱状结构的成熟非常重要。亚板神经元在纺锤体爆发的产生中起核心作用。在啮齿类动物中，纺锤波爆发在许多方面类似于δ刷，这是人类早产儿的特征性脑电图波形（图2）。这些早期活动是自发发生的，或者可以通过刺激感觉外周在感觉皮层中引起。动物研究表明，这种电活动在大脑皮层的结构和功能成熟中起着关键作用。最后，作者描述了自发电活动的模式和性质的变化如何可能对皮质发育产生直接影响，并导致人类长期的认知、神经或精神疾病。例如，在动物模型中，几种麻醉剂、抗惊厥剂、酒精和缺氧缺血可以抑制自发性脑活动，这对皮质发育具有有害影响。Luhmann等人得出结论，“非遗传的、电活动依赖性过程对皮质发育有很强的影响”。最近，下一代测序和CRISPR-Cas9基因工程促进了携带与人类相同基因突变的小鼠的产生，尽管基因突变的后果在人类和啮齿动物之间可能有所不同。来源于人类和其他灵长类多能干细胞的三维类器官可用于研究人类大脑发育和大脑疾病，但它们仍然是模型，不能再现感觉诱发的自发电活动。
Early development of the human brain involves a complex, spatiotemporally organized sequence of processes. Major events include (i) primary neurulation,(ii) prosencephalic development,(iii) neuronal proliferation,(iv) neuronal migration,(v) organizational events, and (vi) myelination events. 1 Knowledge of each event improves our understanding of numerous brain disorders, including spina bifida, holoprosencephaly, microcephaly, and lissencephaly. The organizational events are especially important because they establish the elaborate brain circuitry. Recent evidence has suggested that numerous psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, epilepsy, and schizophrenia, are likely to be related to altered organizational events. 2 The short review by Luhmann et al. 3 in this issue of the Journal addresses the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the developing cortex in rodents and humans, focusing on the electrophysiology of organizational events. First, the authors briefly review the anatomical development of the characteristic architecture of the mammalian cortex, which involves neurogenesis, neuron migration, apoptosis, synaptogenesis, and myelination. They mention Cajal–Retzius and subplate neurons, which are important for neocortical development. The former are located in the marginal zone and control radial neuronal migration and the latter are found between layer 6 and the white matter (Fig. 1) and are important for the maturation of early neuronal circuits and columnar architecture.Then, the authors mention spontaneous synchronized electrical activity in the developing brain, especially spindle bursts. Subplate neurons play a central role in the generation of spindle bursts. In rodents, spindle bursts resemble many aspects of the delta brush, a characteristic electroencephalogram waveform in human preterm infants (Fig. 2). These early activities occur spontaneously or can be elicited in sensory cortices by stimulation of the sensory periphery. Animal studies suggest that such electrical activity plays a key role in the structural and functional maturation of the cerebral cortex. Finally, the authors describe how changes in the pattern and properties of spontaneous electrical activity may have an immediate effect on cortical development and cause long-term cognitive, neurological, or psychiatric disorders in humans. For example, in animal models, several anesthetics anticonvulsants, alcohol, and hypoxia–ischemia can inhibit spontaneous brain activity, which has deleterious effects on cortical development. Luhmann et al. concluded that “non-genetic, electrical activity-dependent processes have a strong impact on cortical development”. Recently, next-generation sequencing and CRISPR-Cas9 gene engineering have facilitated the generation of mice carrying the same gene mutations as humans, although the consequences of gene mutations might differ between humans and rodents. Three-dimensional organoids derived from human and other primate pluripotent stem cells may be used to investigate human brain development and brain disorders, 4 but they are still models and cannot reproduce sensory evoked spontaneous electrical activity.
我们能否通过啮齿类动物的实验研究来了解人类大脑的发育？
影响因子：
1.4
作者：
Luhmann Heiko J.;Fukuda Atsuo
通讯作者：
Fukuda Atsuo