Spatial and temporal variations of physicochemical and heavy metal pollution in Ramganga River-a tributary of River Ganges, India
Spatial and temporal variations of physicochemical and heavy metal pollution in Ramganga River-a tributary of River Ganges, India
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s12665-017-6547-3
复制
发表时间：
2017-03-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Chakrapani, Govind Joseph
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ali Khan, Mohd Yawar;Gani, Khalid Muzamil;Chakrapani, Govind Joseph
恒河是最神圣的河流，也是数百万印度人满足用水需求的生命线，但它正面临着过度污染的威胁。在保护河流的各种河流管理和养护战略下，缺乏对其主要支流Ramanga River的水质评估。本研究应用多元统计技术对拉姆冈加河的理化和重金属污染进行了评价。在2014年的三个季节(夏季、季风季和冬季)，在16个采样点对Ramanga河进行了采样。对采集的水样进行了理化参数和重金属分析。通过对数据的聚类分析，将整个河段划分为3类：1304~259m为轻度污染段，207~154m为中度污染段，154~139m为高污染段，高污染段以人为污染为主。对季节数据集的主成分分析得到了三个显著的主成分(PC)，解释了每个季节总方差的72-8%，PC1对氟化物(F-)、氯(Cl-)、钠(Na+)、钙(Ca2+)、镁镁(Mg2+)、碳酸氢盐(HCO3-)、总溶解固体和电导率有很大的负荷(>；0.75)。单因素方差分析表明，pH、化学需氧量、生化需氧量、浊度、HCO3-、F-、Zn、Cd和Mn具有显著的季节性变化(p<0.05)。在季风季，由于集水区的降雨和随后流入河流的径流，浑浊程度大约增加了一倍。HCO3-、F-和pH在季风期间也表现出类似的增加。由于季风季的稀释效应和冬季的持久效应，夏季锌、镉、锰的浓度比季风和冬季有增加的趋势。
The River Ganges being the most sacred river and lifeline to millions of Indians in serving their water requirements is facing excessive threat of pollution. Under various river management and conservation strategies for its protection, the assessment of water quality of its main tributary Ramganga River is lacking. This study focuses on assessment of physicochemical and heavy metal pollution of the Ramganga River by application of multivariate statistical techniques. Sampling of Ramganga River at sixteen sampling sites was carried out in three seasons (summer, monsoon and winter) of 2014. The collected water samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. Results from cluster analysis (CA) of the data divided the whole stretch of the river into three clusters as elevation from 1304 to 259 m as less polluted, from 207 to 154 m as moderately polluted and from elevation 154 to 139 m as high-polluted stretches with anthropogenic as main sources of pollution in high-polluted stretch. Principal component analysis of the seasonal dataset resulted in three significant principal components (PC) in each season explaining 72-8% of total variance with strong loadings (>0.75) of PC1 on fluoride (F-), chloride (Cl-), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium Mg2+), bicarbonate (HCO3-), total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. Temporal variation by one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) showed significant seasonal variation was in the pH, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, HCO3-, F-, Zn, cadmium (Cd) and Mn (p < 0.05). Turbidity showed approximately a twofold increase in monsoon season due to rainfall in the catchment area and subsequent flow of runoff into the river. Concentration of HCO3-, F- and pH also showed similar increase in monsoon. The concentration of Zn, Cd and Mn showed an increasing trend in summers compared to monsoon and winter season due to dilution effect in the monsoon season and its lasting effect in winters.